1. Can Commercial Airlines Achieve “One Level of Safety” By Embarking on a Program of “One Level of Training” ?
What is the relationship between Training and Safety in Commercial Air Operations?
…continued…

2. Experience or Training?

3. Before the right stuff walked on the moon, they trained
Training

8. Spacemen in training?

9. Trained, Qualified & Ready

13. Before the right stuff walked on the moon, they trained
Training

18. Spacemen in training?

19. Trained, Qualified & Ready

23. “Level of training” Proficiency: Knowledge, procedures and maneuvers?
Substance: Number of syllabus subjects?
Sophistication: Depth of syllabus-Intro, basic, intermediate, advanced, special cases & case studies?

24. Level of training in terms of Practical Learning
Our argument:
Every airline should have training at the same level
Not the same training, but training at the same level
Let’s look at various levels of training
in terms of practical learning
to see some differences

25. Level of Proficiency Self study 1. Read an article, bulletin
2. Read an article, take open book test
3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing

26. Level of Proficiency Academic Study 4. Lecture with Q & A
5. Seminar with interaction and discussion
6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise
7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, oral exam

27. Level of Proficiency Flight Simulation
8. Flight simulator for knowledge
9. Simulator for procedural training
10. Simulator procedural validation check
11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator
12. Maneuver validation simulator check
13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim check

28. Level of Proficiency In-Aircraft Flight
14. Do line experience training
15. Do line check, initial qualification, facilitated debrief
16. Do line operational safety audit regularly for all crews with facilitated debrief
16 Levels of Proficiency

29. Level of Proficiency
Higher the level of training, the higher the proficiency from self study to in aircraft flight training

30. Level of training in terms of substance of subjects
CRM ?
FAA ATP & Type rating require verification of CRM skills during 2 hour Check Rides
Some majors provide 2 day CRM course
6 person jury personality computerized test
personality profile review
comparison to self personality test
Multiple group exercises

31. Level of training in terms of substance
CRM?
Buffalo, Lexington, Tenerife….
How well trained was crew in CRM?
How effective was their CRM?
Is competency by checking as valid as competency by training?
Is sitting for the exam as valid as training?
We don’t think so.

32. Training Yields Discipline
Train, train, train until:
You fly like you train
Discipline to SOP
All crewmembers
All the time
Training is Not the same as verification by checking

33. Levels of Substance Precision Approaches Basic ILS procedures
Hand flown, automation
ILS with PRM
ILS CAT 2/3
ILS with engine failure
ILS failure mode training
ILS Go Around in Mountainous Terrain

34. Levels of Substance Non-Precision Approaches
Localizer, ILS glide slope inop, VOR, NDB
beacons not collocated at field, wind
Automation modes
Engine failure
Go around in mountainous terrain
Special cases, Mishap scenarios

35. Levels of Substance Engine Failure V1 Cut V1 Cut night IMC V2 Cut
V1 Cut in Mountainous Terrain, special engine out procedures
Other system failures
Case Studies, special scenarios, weather

36. Levels of Substance Wind Shear Crew recognition Automated annunciation
Hand flown: take off, approach, landing
Automation flown
Radar Procedures
Case Studies of Wind Shear mishaps

37. Levels of Substance Aircraft Maneuvering
Turn pattern, stall series Stall warning
Unusual attitudes, Vg-Vn Diagram
Departure from controlled flight
Loss of Controllability
Angle of Attack recovery maneuvers
Icing effect on stall, stall warning & recovery
Case Studies, Aircraft Mishaps

38. Levels of Substance CFIT CFTI recognition and prevention CFIT warnings
CFIT recovery maneuvers
EGPWS training
Special case airports in airline system
Case studies from around the world

39. Levels of Substance Cold Weather Ops and Icing In Flight
Pre Flight Preparations
Anti-Icing, Deicing
Ground ops
In flight icing encounters
Meteorological in-flight recognition cues
Case Studies of Cold Weather and Icing related mishaps

40. Levels of Substance Weight and Balance Basic calculations, limits
Line procedures, Forms used, Checklists
Responsibilities: Flight Crew, Ground Supervisor, Loading Crew,
Automation
MEL, CDL, DMP: limits
Live animals, plants, medicines, high value
HAZMAT procedures

41. Levels of Substance Human Factors Fatigue recognition Communications
Crew Resource Management CRM
Threat and Error Management TEM
Man Machine Automation
SOP
Checklists

42. Levels of Substance Navigation Finer points of SIDS & STARS, notes
ILS Approach plate details
Airport diagram, hot spots
Runway information details, 10-9A,
Grooving
Porous Friction Coating
Anti Skid Layer
Crowning

43. Levels of Substance Training
Level of Substance should be very high
Include:
all details of all operations, all SOP
As complete as you can make it
All Risks encountered, expected in line ops
very large investment: Time, People, Money
Will pay off with mishap free operation!

44. Levels of Substance Training
Or the minimum to satisfy the regulator?

45. ru Seeking One Level of Safety?
If you are seeking one level of safety amongst all commercial airlines,
Wouldn’t you want to seek one level of training amongst all commercial airlines?

46. Levels of Sophistication
Introduction
Basic
Intermediate
Advanced
Special Case Studies

47. Levels of Sophistication
Introduction: Orientation, Big Picture, What is it all about?
Basic
Intermediate
Advanced
Special Case Studies

48. Levels of Sophistication
Introduction
Basic: Knowledge, ideas, elements, components
Intermediate
Advanced
Special Case Studies

49. Levels of Sophistication
Introduction
Basic
Intermediate: Procedural, SOP
Advanced
Special Case Studies

50. Levels of Sophistication
Introduction
Basic
Intermediate
Advanced: Maneuvers, interactions
Special Case Studies

51. Levels of Sophistication
Introduction
Basic
Intermediate
Advanced
Special Case Studies & Lessons Learned

52. Level of Training Measurements
16 Levels of Proficiency
40 Levels of Substance (chosen because of skill importance)
5 Levels of Sophistication

53. Level of Training Measurements
Proficiency
Substance
Sophistication

54. Level of Training Measurements
Proficiency plotted on the z axis
Substance plotted on the x axis
Sophistication plotted on the y axis

55. Level of Training Measurements
Proficiency plotted on the z axis
Substance plotted on the x axis
Sophistication plotted on the y axis
Gives a nice three dimensional graphic of where each operation is in terms of “level of training.”

56. Level of Training: Proficiency
1. Read an article, bulletin
2. Read an article, take open book test
3. Attend a lecture, media based briefing
4. Receive a lecture with Q & A
5. Attend seminar with interaction and discussion
6. Do an exercise, do a group exercise
7. Prepare for a verbal recital of knowledge, oral exam
8. Flight simulator for knowledge
9. Simulator for procedural training
10. Simulator procedural validation check
11. Practice a maneuver in a simulator
12. Maneuver validation simulator check
13. Line Oriented Flight maneuver sim Check
14. Do line experience training in aircraft
15. Do line check in aircraft for initial qualification with facilitated debrief
16. Do a line operational safety audit regularly for all crews with facilitated debrief

57. Level of Training: Substance
1. TEM
2. CRM
3. Non Prec App
4. Prec App
5. FOM MRB
6. TCAS
7. CFIT
8. EGPWS
9. Wt & Bal
10. Windshear
11. V1 Cuts
12. Grnd Ops
13. System Failure
14. GA/MA
15. Upset Recovery
16. Glass
17. EFB
18. Divert Air
19. MEL CDL
20. RTO
21. Incursion
22. Icing
23. ReDispatch/ReRelease
24. Cold Wx Ops
25. DRVSM
26. Human Factors
27. Comm
28. SIDs
29. STARs
30. Wet RW Ops
31. CAT 2/3
32. Hazmat
33. Fatigue
34. Int’l Ops
35. ETOPS
36. Radar
37. MNPS
38. Long Range Nav
39. Intercept
40. Security

58. Level of Training: Sophistication
1. Introduction
2. Basic
3. Intermediate
4. Advanced
5. Special Case Studies

59. Minimum Training Level Primary Subjects

60. Minimum Training Level Secondary Subjects