1. Presentation By Jaspreet Rekhi Introducing Sites: - www.rhombnet.com

2. Semisolid Dosage Form Bulk Unit Ointments Suppositories Creams
Pastes
Gels
Unit
Suppositories
Pessaries

3. Semisolid Dosage Forms
Pharmaceutical semisolid preparations :
Topical products intended for application on the skin or accessible mucous membranes to provide localized and sometimes systemic effects at the site of application.
The physical properties of the dosage form depend on various factors, including
Size of the dispersed particles
The interfacial tension between the phases
Partition coefficient of the active ingredient between the phases
Product rheology.

4. The design of a semisolid preparation is based
on its ability to adhere to the surface of application for a reasonable duration before they are washed or worn off. 
- brought about by a plastic rheologic behavior
Medicated- Majority
Non-medicated - protectants and lubricants.

5. Ointments are composed mostly of fluid hydrocarbons meshed in a matrix of higher melting solid hydrocarbons.
Creams are semisolid emulsion systems with an opaque appearance. Their consistency and rheologic properties are based on whether the emulsion is o/w or w/o and on the nature of the solid in the internal phase.
Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of insoluble solids has been added. Powders such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, starch and kaolin are incorporated in high concentrations into a preferably lipophilic greasy vehicle to form a paste-like mass.

6. OINTMENTS
Ointments are composed mostly of fluid hydrocarbons meshed in a matrix of higher melting solid hydrocarbons.
General Uses Of Ointments
Acts as protective or protectant –
serve as physical barrier to environment
Acts as emollient –
softens skin and makes it pliable
3. Carrier of medicament - vehicle

7. Hydrocarbon bases or Oleaginous bases Absorption bases
The USP and NF Classify Ointment Bases into Four General Groups
Hydrocarbon bases or Oleaginous bases
Absorption bases
Water removable bases or Emulsion Ointment bases
Water soluble bases

8. Hydrocarbon bases Oleaginous bases Emollient effect Occlusive dressing
Difficult to wash-off/remove
Is greasy and can stain clothing.

9. Hydrocarbon bases Petrolatum, USP
Yellow petrolatum/petrolatum jelly/yellow soft paraffin
Vaseline (Chesebrough-Ponds/Unilever) (vahser-elaion)
White petrolatum, USP
Decolored petrolatum/white soft paraffin,
White petroleum jelly/white vaseline
Yellow ointment, USP
Yellow wax (5%, w/w), petrolatum (95%)
yellow hard paraffin
White ointment, USP
White wax/white petrolatum
white hard paraffin
Mineral oil / liquid paraffin—
These are useful as levigating agents to wet and incorporate solid substances

10. Absorption bases
Those that permit the incorporation of aqueous solution resulting in the formation of w/o emulsions
--hydrophilic petrolatum, USP
Cholesterol 30 g, Stearyl alcohol 30 g
White wax 80 g, White petrolatum 860 g
--Aquaphor: A gentle healing ointment to help heal dry, cracked skin
(Petrolatum. Other Ingredients: Mineral Oil, Ceresin, Lanolin Alcohol, Panthenol, Glycerin, Bisabolol)
Those that are w/o emulsion
Hydrous lanolin: w/o emulsion containing 25% of water
lanolin USP: Anhydrous, contains < 0.25% of water, absorbs twice its weight in water, also called wool wax, wool fat, or wool grease, a greasy yellow substance from wool-bearing animals, acts as a skin ointment, water-proofing wax, and raw material (such as in shoe polish).

11. Properties of absorption bases
Absorption bases (anhydrous)
Emollient
Occlusive
Absorbs water
Greasy
W/O emulsion
Contains water, absorbs additional water

12. Water-removable bases
Water-washable bases, O/W emulsion
Hydrophilic ointment, USP
Methylparaben g
Propylparaben
SDS
Propylene alcohol
Stearyl alcohol
White petrolatum
Water
Vanishing cream: o/w emulsion contains la large % of water and humectant. An excess of stearic acid in the formula helps to form a thin film when the water evaporates.

13. Properties of water-removable bases
Water-washable, easier to remove
Non/less greasy
Can be diluted with water
Non/less occlusive
Better cosmetic appearance
Better compliance

14. Properties of water-soluble bases
Water soluble and washable
Non-greasy
Non/less occlusive
Lipid free
Synthetic base

15. Cream
Semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved in either an o/w or w/o emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
Vanishing cream: o/w with high % of water and stearic acid.
Cold cream: (an emulsion for softening and cleansing the skin): w/o, white wax, spermaceti, almond oil, sodium borate.

16. PASTES Pastes maybe defined as ointments incorporating a
high percentage of insoluble particulate solids, sometimes
as much as or more than 50%.

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By : - Jaspreet Rekhi