1. Ancient Egypt:

2. Timeline Old Kingdom 2700 BC – 2200 BC
Pharaoh was god and king. Khufu—trade begins
Middle Kingdom BC – 1550 BC
Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt—Ahmose regained power
New Kingdom BC – 1055 BC
Military conquests make Egypt rich. Trade routes are developed. (Hapshepsut) Ramses the Great

3. Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt1
Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt
OLD KINGDOM
MIDDLE
KINGDOM
NEW KINGDOM
Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods.
Egyptians built pyramids at Giza.
Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom.
Large drainage project created arable farmland.
Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete.
Corruption and
rebellions were
common.
Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta
region.
Powerful pharaohs created a large empire
that reached the Euphrates River.
Hatshepsut
encouraged trade.
Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria.
Egyptian power
declined.

4. Geography Egypt is located in northeastern Africa
The Nile River runs the length of the country flowing south to north
The river begins in the mountains of Africa and empties into the Mediterranean Sea
The climate is hot and dry, part of the Sahara Desert

5. The grassy areas of Africa slowly grew drier. (Desertification)
People moved into the Nile Valley (fertile) & near the Mediterranean Sea
the Nile “Giver of Life”
Nile spreads out to form a delta--(silt)
rich soil.They called the dried out
desert surrounding this area Kemet
The Red Land (Egypt).

7. Geography
Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt
Lower (northern) Egypt consisted of the Nile River's delta made by the river as it empties into the Mediterranean.
Upper Egypt was the long, narrow strip of ancient Egypt located south of the Delta.

10. The Nile River The Nile was the lifeblood of ancient Egypt
It made life possible in the otherwise barren desert of Egypt.
It is the longest river in the world (over 4,000 miles).
It served as a source of food for the people of ancient Egypt
It was the major source of water for bathing and drinking
The Nile was crucial for farming

13. White & Blue Nile Meet in Sudan

14. Floodplain

15. Floodplain
The low strip of fertile land located on either side of the Nile River
The river flooded during the annual rains
It left the earth soaked and overlaid with a fresh layer of black silt.
Most of the farming occurred here
Most fertile soil in Africa

16. Bordered on the south, east and west by the Sahara Desert, and on the north by the sea, ancient Egypt was protected from outside influences.

17. Great Sahara Desert

19. Facts About the Nile River
Length
4,184 miles
2 Sources
Lake Victoria, Uganda (White Nile); Lake Tana, Ethiopia (Blue Nile)
Mouth
Mediterranean Sea, off Egypt
Countries Flows Through
Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zaire, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi
Name Origin
Greek word Nelios, which means "River Valley"

20. Nile flooded each year carrying silt.
Many times the Nile flooded and
killed many people, crops, animals.
By studying the sky, they learned to predict when flooding would occur
Watched the star (Sirius)
using the first 365 day calendar.
--used irrigation, dikes, dams, canals
Also worshiped many gods-nature

21. Religion
Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife Amon-Re: sun god Osiris: god of the underworld and of the Nile
Isis: goddess of magic Horus: sky god
The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a ruler
Falcon Headed Sun God

22. Religion Belief in eternal life after death.
Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld.
Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next life.

23. Book of the Dead
Collection of spells, hymns, and prayers intended to secure a safe passage to the underworld for the deceased

24. By 3000 BC Upper Egyptian kings had control of Lower Egypt--united by Menes
This marked the beginning of the world’s first organized government
represented one group--lasted 3000
The first dynasty was formed—33 pharoahs
Hatshepsut was 1st woman pharaoh (dressed as man) pg 97

26. Writing
Making paper from papyrus

27. What is hieroglyphics?
Hieroglyphics is the picture writing used in ancient Egypt. The word hieroglyphics is made up of two Greek words - hieros, which means sacred, and glyphe, which means carving.
The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system consists of seven hundred picture signs.
Papyrus (our word for paper)-great
invention--made it easier to write
scrolls up to100 feet long--libraries

28. Phonograms represent sounds, much as alphabet letters do
Phonograms represent sounds, much as alphabet letters do. Ideograms are signs that represent whole words or concepts.

29. The Rosetta Stone—hieroglyphics
unlocked the recorded history
of the ancient Egyptians in 1822
--3 languages
Obelisk-granite w/hieroglyphics

30. Pyramids Pyramid-more advanced than ziggarats
1st-step pyramid--tomb for ruler
2nd-slanting sides & pointed peak
Burial tombs
Mummy--preserved bodies
Souls of the dead-ready for afterlife Riches and servants buried with pharoahs
Giza--Paraoh Khufu had built for himself-- 20 years to build
As many as 100,000 workers
2 million blocks of stone 5,000 lb /gold

31. Pyramids

34. The Great Sphinx

35. In 1539 B.C. Egyptians took back
the empire
Amenhotep IV 1353 BC & wife, Nefertiti -- urged people to worship only one god, the Aton
pharaoh changed his name to Akhenaton -angered priest--may have been murdered When Akhenaton died, 9 year old boy became pharaoh-Tutankhamen ruled only 9 years--tomb 3,300 years ago

36. Nefertiti

37. King Tut

38. Mythology
Egyptian goddess Isis, tomb painting, ca BC.

39. Social Classes PHARAOH Earthly leader; considered a god2
Social Classes
PHARAOH
Earthly leader; considered a god
HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES
Served gods and goddesses
NOBLES
Fought pharaoh’s wars
MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANS
Made furniture, jewelry, and fabrics for
pharaohs and nobles, and provided for other needs
PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVES
Worked in the fields and served the pharaoh

40. Daily Life The Egyptians - Daily Life
Egyptian clothing was often made of linen and usually white. Strangely, both men and women wore blue and green eye shadow and black kohl eyeliner. And if they could afford it, they usually wore gold jewelry.