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EKG Review
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Function of Heart Electricity and Plumbing
With any functioning unit you need: Electricity and Plumbing ELECTRICITY: electrical current that stimulates the heart and tells it to beat or contract PLUMBING: When the heart contracts it provides blood and oxygenation to vessels, tissue and organs ***Keep in mind how electricity and plumbing affect each other!!!
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dead tissue will not allow signal to pass through
Electricity SA AV Bundle of HIS BB PF SA: 60-80bpm AV: 40-60bpm BH-BB: 20-40bpm “ACCIDENTS ON A HIGHWAY”- will be detoured around the blockage. increased distance to travel = increased time to get to location **Electrical current needs healthy tissue to conduct- dead tissue will not allow signal to pass through
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Plumbing Beats = contractions
Each beat requires atrial and ventricular contraction Heart is like a sponge. It absorbs and squeezes out blood with each contraction. If it is not “rung out fully” with each squeeze- it cannot absorb it’s full potential. (preload, afterload) Ventricular contraction- pushes blood into arteries to be sent to body, tissues, organs and lungs Tissue needs oxygen and blood to survive. Without this, it cannot function
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Basic principals of EKG
Rate? FAST, SLOW, NORMAL Complex? “P” in front of every “QRS” P- atrial contraction QRS- ventricular contraction qrs p T
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What is my rate: Each Full complex is one beat
Most strips are 6 seconds long 1 2 3 4 5 (# of complexes in 6 sec strip) X (10) = Heart Rate (5 complexes) X (10) = 50 beats per minute
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-CARDIA : heart beat including contraction & relaxation
ARRYTHMIAS Normal: bpm Slow: < 60 bpm Sinus Bradycardia, Junctional Fast: >100 bpm Sinus Tachycardia, Supraventricular Tachycardia, VTach. -CARDIA : heart beat including contraction & relaxation
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Sinus Rhythm Sinus rhythm is normal electricity and normal plumbing.
Electrical signal fires from ‘Sinus’ node. Rate is either slow, fast or normal. “P wave” is present in front of every “QRS”
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SLOW ARRYHMIAS Sinus Bradycardia Junctional Rhythm SLOW sinus rhythm
“P” wave is inverted or absent
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FAST ARRYTHMIAS Sinus Tachycardia Supraventricular Tachycardia
Fast sinus rhythm Supraventricular Tachycardia Supra-superior : “above” the ventricular Rate is greater than 160 bpm, “QRS” is narrow.
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Ventricular rhythms Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Fibrillation
Tachycardia- firing from the ventricle WIDE “QRS”, no “P” Ventricular Fibrillation Fibrillation or “quivering” of the ventricles- no contraction/relaxation. No organized rhythm
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Atrial Arrhythmias Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Flutter
Underlying rhythm is sinus, with fibrillation between complexes/beats Atrial Flutter Look at sawtooth pattern between waves
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Just remember : “Dead meat don’t beat”
Asystole No movement of heart muscle Just remember : “Dead meat don’t beat”
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EKG GRIDS SMALL blocks: 0.4 sec LARGE blocks: .20 sec Time (secs)
V O L T A G E 5 Large blocks = 1 sec. on strip SMALL blocks: 0.4 sec LARGE blocks: .20 sec
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BLOCKS Underlying rhythm is sinus, (must have P-QRS)
Normal P-R interval is sec (one big block) 1st degree: prolonged P-R interval (>.20) 2nd degree I: (WB) P-R gets longer, then drops beat 2nd degree II: more “P’s” than “QRS” (kids w/o parents) 3rd degree: total disassociation, no communication
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Premature Complexes PAC- premature Atrial complex
P wave upright in front of QRS PJC- premature Junctional complex P wave is inverted or absent PVC- premature Ventricular complex Wide and bizarre, No “P” wave
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Other things to look at….
S-T segment Depression- Ischemia or injury Elevation- infarct or death of tissue ***Classified as significant if > 1 mm **STEMI- is key point in ACS algorithm
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Pacemaker spikes If Pacemaker is pacing the heart you will see a spike. To determine what is being paced, Look at location of spike Before P: pacing ATRIA Both- pacing both Before QRS: Pacing VENTRICLE
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