Conceptual Physics Fundamentals

Conceptual Physics Fundamentals
Chapter 7: FLUID MECHANICS

This lecture will help you understand:
Density Pressure Pressure in a Liquid Buoyancy in a Liquid Archimedes’ Principle Pressure in a Gas Atmospheric Pressure Pascal’s Principle Buoyancy in a Gas Bernoulli’s Principle

Fluid Mechanics “Men never do evil so cheerfully and completely as when they do so from religious conviction.” —Blaise Pascal

Density Density important property of materials (solids, liquids, gases) measure of compactness of how much mass an object occupies “lightness” or “heaviness” of materials of the same size

Density in equation form: units: grams or kilograms volume: cm3 or m3 example: density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3, so mercury has 13.6 times as much mass as an equal volume of water (density 1 g/cm3)

The volume of 1000 kg of water is _______________.
Density CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The volume of 1000 kg of water is _______________. A. 1 liter slightly less than 1 liter more than 1 liter None of the above A. 1 liter

The volume of 1000 kg of water is _______________.
Density CHECK YOUR ANSWER The volume of 1000 kg of water is _______________. A. 1 liter slightly less than 1 liter more than 1 liter None of the above A. 1 liter

Density Weight density in equation form:
example: density of salt water is 64 lb/ft3, more dense than fresh water (density 62.4 lb/ft3)

Which of these has the greatest density?
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR Which of these has the greatest density? A. 100 kg of lead 100 kg of water Both are the same None of the above A. 100 kg of lead

Which of these has the greatest density?
CHECK YOUR ANSWER Which of these has the greatest density? A. 100 kg of lead 100 kg of water Both are the same None of the above Explanation: They have the same mass and weight, but any amount of lead is more dense than any amount of water. A. 100 kg of lead

Density CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When water freezes, it expands. This tells us that the density of ice is _______________. A. less than the density of water equal to the density of water more than the density of water None of the above A. less than the density of water

Density CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When water freezes, it expands. This tells us that the density of ice is _______________ A. less than the density of water equal to the density of water more than the density of water None of the above A. less than the density of water

Density CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Compared with the weight of water, the weight of a liter of ice is _______________. A. more less the same None of the above B. less

Density CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Compared with the weight of water, the weight of a liter of ice is _______________. A. more less the same None of the above Explanation When a liter of water freezes, its volume increases. To get a liter of ice you’d have to shave part of it off to be the same size. So there is less water in a liter of ice. B. less

Pressure the force per unit area that one object exerts on another
in equation form: depends on area over which force is distributed units: N/m2, lb/ft2, or Pa (Pascals)

Pressure example: The teacher between nails is unharmed because force is applied over many nails. Combined surface area of the nails results in a tolerable pressure that does not puncture the skin.

Pressure CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When you stand on one foot instead of two, the force you exert on the floor is __________. A. less the same more None of the above B. the same

Pressure CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When you stand on one foot instead of two, the force you exert on the floor is ___________. A. less the same more None of the above Explanation: Distinguish between force and pressure! B. the same

Pressure CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When you stand on one foot instead of two, the pressure you exert on the floor is _____________. A. less the same more None of the above C. more

Pressure CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When you stand on one foot instead of two, the pressure you exert on the floor is _____________. A. less the same more None of the above Explanation: Twice as much, in fact! C. more

Pressure in a Liquid force per unit area that a liquid exerts on an object depth dependent and not volume dependent example: swim twice as deep, then twice as much weight of water above you produces as much pressure on you

Pressure in a Liquid acts equally in all directions example:
your ears feel the same amount of pressure under water no matter how you tip your head bottom of a boat is pushed upward by water pressure pressure acts upward when pushing a beach ball under water

Pressure in a Liquid independent of shape of container
whatever the shape of a container, pressure at any particular depth is the same in equation form:

Pressure in a Liquid CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Water pressure provided by a water tower is greater if the tower __________. A. is taller holds more water Both A and B None of the above A. is taller

Pressure in a Liquid CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Water pressure provided by a water tower is greater if the tower ____________. A. is taller holds more water Both A and B None of the above Explanation: Only depth, not amount of water, contributes to pressure. A. is taller

Pressure in a Liquid Effects of water pressure
acts perpendicular to surfaces of a container liquid spurts at right angles from a hole in the surface curving downward The greater the depth, the greater the exiting speed

Buoyancy in a Liquid Buoyancy
apparent loss of weight of a submerged object amount equals the weight of water displaced

Buoyancy in a Liquid Displacement rule:
A completely submerged object always displaces a volume of liquid equal to its own volume. example: Place a stone in a container that is brim- full of water, and the amount of water overflow equals the volume of the stone

Buoyancy in a Liquid CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A cook who measures a specific amount of butter by placing it in a measuring cup with water in it is using the ___________. A. principle of buoyancy displacement rule concept of density All of the above B. displacement rule

Buoyancy in a Liquid CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A cook who measures a specific amount of butter by placing it in a measuring cup with water in it is using the __________. A. principle of buoyancy displacement rule concept of density All of the above B. displacement rule

Buoyancy in a Liquid Buoyant force
net upward force that a fluid exerts on an immersed object = weight of water displaced example: the difference in the upward and downward forces acting on the submerged block is the same at any depth

How many forces act on a submerged body at rest in a fluid?
Buoyancy in a Liquid CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR How many forces act on a submerged body at rest in a fluid? A. One—buoyancy Two—buoyancy and the force due to gravity None—in accord with the equilibrium rule, F = 0 None of the above B. Two—buoyancy and the force due to gravity

How many forces act on a submerged body at rest in a fluid?
Buoyancy in a Liquid CHECK YOUR ANSWER How many forces act on a submerged body at rest in a fluid? A. One—buoyancy Two—buoyancy and the force due to gravity None—in accord with the equilibrium rule, F = 0 None of the above B. Two—buoyancy and the force due to gravity

Buoyancy in a Liquid Sink or float?
sink when weight of submerged object is greater than the buoyant force neither sink nor float when weight of a submerged object is equal to buoyant force—object will remain at any level float when weight of submerged object is less than the buoyant force it would have when submerged—when floating, buoyant force = weight of floating object

Archimedes’ Principle
discovered by Greek scientist Archimedes relates buoyancy to displaced liquid states that an immersed body (completely or partially) is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces applies to gases and liquids

Apparent weight of a submerged object weight out of water—buoyant force example: If a 3-kg block submerged in water apparently “weighs” 2 kg, then the buoyant force or weight of water displaced is 1 kg.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR On which of these blocks submerged in water is the buoyant force greatest? A. 1 kg of lead 1 kg of aluminum 1 kg of uranium All the same B. 1 kg of aluminum

CHECK YOUR ANSWER On which of these blocks submerged in water is the buoyant force greatest? A. 1 kg of lead 1 kg of aluminum 1 kg of uranium all the same Explanation: The largest block is the aluminum one. It displaces more water and therefore experiences the greatest buoyant force. B. 1 kg of aluminum

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When a fish expands its air bladder, the density of the fish ________________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above A. decreases

CHECK YOUR ANSWER When a fish expands its air bladder, the density of the fish _____________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above A. decreases

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When a fish makes itself less dense, the buoyant force on it ______________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above B. increases

CHECK YOUR ANSWER When a fish makes itself less dense, the buoyant force on it ______________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above B. increases

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When a fish decreases the size of its air bladder, the density of the fish ___________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above B. increases

CHECK YOUR ANSWER When a fish decreases the size of its air bladder, the density of the fish _____________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above B. increases

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When a submarine takes water into its ballast tanks, its density __________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above B. increases

CHECK YOUR ANSWER When a submarine takes water into its ballast tanks, its density ______________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above B. increases

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR When a submerged submarine expels water from its ballast tanks, its density __________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above A. decreases

CHECK YOUR ANSWER When a submerged submarine expels water from its ballast tanks, its density __________. A. decreases increases remains the same None of the above Explanation: This is how a submerged submarine is able to surface. A. decreases

Flotation Principle of flotation a floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight example: A solid iron 1-ton block may displace 1/8 ton of water and sink. The same 1 ton of iron in a bowl shape displaces a greater volume of water—the greater buoyant force allows it to float.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The reason a person finds it easier to float in salt water, compared with fresh water, is that in salt water __________. A. the buoyant force is greater a person feels less heavy Neither of these C. neither of these

CHECK YOUR ANSWER The reason a person finds it easier to float in salt water, compared with fresh water, is that in salt water __________. A. the buoyant force is greater a person feels less heavy Neither of these Explanation: A floating person has the same buoyant force whatever the density of water. A person floats higher because a smaller volume of the denser salt water is displaced. C. neither of these

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR On a boat ride, the skipper gives you a life preserver filled with lead pellets. When he sees the skeptical look on your face, he says that you’ll experience a greater buoyant force if you fall overboard than your friends who wear Styrofoam-filled preservers. A. He apparently doesn’t know his physics. He is correct. B. He is correct.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER On a boat ride, the skipper gives you a life preserver filled with lead pellets. When he sees the skeptical look on your face, he says that you’ll experience a greater buoyant force if you fall overboard than your friends who wear Styrofoam-filled preservers. A. He apparently doesn’t know his physics. He is correct. Explanation: He’s correct, but what he doesn’t tell you is you’ll drown! Your life preserver will submerge and displace more water than those of your friends who float at the surface. Although the buoyant force on you will be greater, the net force downward is greater still! B. He is correct.

Denser fluids will exert a greater buoyant force on a body than less dense fluids of the same volume. example: ship will float higher in salt water (density = 1.03 g/cm3) than in fresh water (density = 1.00 g/cm3)

applies in air The more air an object displaces, the greater the buoyant force on it. If an object displaces its weight, it hovers at a constant altitude, If an object displaces less air, it descends,

As you sit in class, is there a buoyant force acting on you?
Archimedes’ Principle CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR As you sit in class, is there a buoyant force acting on you? A. No, as evidenced by an absence of lift Yes, due to displacement of air B. Yes, due to displacement of air

As you sit in class, is there a buoyant force acting on you?
Archimedes’ Principle CHECK YOUR ANSWER As you sit in class, is there a buoyant force acting on you? A. No, as evidenced by an absence of lift Yes, due to displacement of air Explanation: There is a buoyant force on you due to air displacement, but much less than your weight. B. Yes, due to displacement of air

Pressure in a Gas greater distance between molecules in a gas than in a liquid molecules in a gas are free from the cohesive forces Molecular motion of gas exerts pressure against a container. For large volumes of gas, gravitational forces limit size and determine shape.

Pressure in a Gas Relationship between pressure and density
gas pressure is proportional to density example: Air pressure and air density inside an inflated tire are greater than the atmospheric pressure and density outside. twice as many molecules in the same volume  air density doubled for molecules moving at the same speed (same temperature), collisions are doubled  pressure doubled

Pressure in a Gas Double density of air by doubling the amount of air
decreasing the volume to half

Pressure in a Gas Boyle’s Law
relationship between pressure and volume for ideal gases an ideal gas is one in which intermolecular forces play no role states that pressure volume is a constant for a given mass of confined gas regardless of changes in pressure or volume (with temperature remaining unchanged) pressure volume = constant means that P1V1 = P2V2

Pressure in a Gas CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When you squeeze a party balloon to 0.8 its volume, the pressure in the balloon __________. A. is 0.8 its former pressure remains the same if you squeeze it slowly is 1.25 times greater is 8 times greater C. is 1.25 times greater

Pressure in a Gas CHECK YOUR ANSWER
When you squeeze a party balloon to 0.8 its volume, the pressure in the balloon __________. A. is 0.8 its former pressure remains the same if you squeeze it slowly is 1.25 times greater is 8 times greater Explanation: Boyle’s law, sweet and simple: P(1.0 V) = 1.25 P(0.8 V). C times greater

Earth’s Atmosphere Atmosphere ocean of air exerts pressure
The Magdeburg-hemispheres demonstration in 1654 by Otto von Guericke showed the large magnitude of atmosphere’s pressure.

Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure caused by weight of air
varies from one locality to another not uniform measurements are used to predict weather conditions

Atmospheric Pressure Pressure exerted against bodies immersed in the atmosphere result from the weight of air pressing from above. at sea level is 101 kilopascals (101 kPa) weight of air pressing down on 1 m2 at sea level ~ 100,000 N, so atmospheric pressure is ~ 105 N/m2

Atmospheric Pressure Pressure at the bottom of a column of air reaching to the top of the atmosphere is the same as the pressure at the bottom of a column of water 10.3 m high. Consequence: The highest the atmosphere can push water up into a vacuum pump is 10.3 m. Mechanical pumps that don’t depend on atmospheric pressure don’t have the 10.3-m limit.

Atmospheric Pressure Barometer Aneroid barometer
device to measure atmospheric pressure also determines elevation Aneroid barometer small portable instrument that measures atmospheric pressure calibrated for altitude, then an altimeter

Atmospheric Pressure CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
The maximum height to which water can be drunk through a straw __________. A. is 10.3 m is about 76 cm has no limit None of the above A. is 10.3 m

Atmospheric Pressure CHECK YOUR ANSWER
The maximum height to which water can be drunk through a straw __________. A. is 10.3 m is about 76 cm has no limit None of the above Explanation: However strong your lungs may be, or whatever device you use to make a vacuum in the straw, at sea level, the water could not be pushed up by the atmosphere higher than 10.3 m. A. is 10.3 m.

Pascal’s Principle Pascal’s principle
discovered by Blaise Pascal, a scientist and theologian in the 17th century states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid applies to all fluids—gases and liquids

Pascal’s Principle example: application in hydraulic press
pressure applied to the left piston is transmitted to the right piston a 10-kg load on small piston (left) lifts a load of 500 kg on large piston (right)

Pascal’s Principle application for gases and liquids
seen in everyday hydraulic devices used in construction in auto lifts in service stations Increased air pressure produced by an air compressor is transmitted through the air to the surface of oil in an underground reservoir. The oil transmits the pressure to the piston, which lifts the auto.

In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the __________.
Pascal’s Principle CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the __________. A. output piston to move farther than the input piston force output to exceed the force input output piston’s speed to exceed the input piston’s speed energy output to exceed energy input D. energy output to exceed energy input

In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the __________.
Pascal’s Principle CHECK YOUR ANSWER In a hydraulic device, it is impossible for the __________. A. output piston to move farther than the input piston force output to exceed the force input output piston’s speed to exceed the input piston’s speed energy output to exceed energy input D. energy output to exceed energy input

Buoyancy in a Gas Archimedes’ principle applies to air as well as liquids. states that an object surrounded by air is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the air displaced

A dirigible that hovers in air __________.
Buoyancy in Gas CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR A dirigible that hovers in air __________. A. displaces its volume of air displaces its weight of air Both A and B Neither A nor B C. Both A and B

A dirigible that hovers in air __________.
Buoyancy in Gas CHECK YOUR ANSWER A dirigible that hovers in air __________. A. displaces its volume of air displaces its weight of air Both A and B Neither A nor B Explanation: Like a fish in water, both volume and weight of a fluid are displaced. C. Both A and B

Buoyancy in Gas Rule for “lighter-than-air” objects:
When the weight of air displaced by an object is greater than the weight of the object, it rises. When the weight of air displaced by an object equals the weight of the object, it hovers in air. When the weight of air displaced by an object is less than the weight of the object, it is not supported by air.

Buoyancy in Gas Gas-filled balloons
gas prevents atmosphere from collapsing them best buoyancy with hydrogen, the lightest gas (flammable, so seldom used) next-best buoyancy with helium heated air used in sports balloons As balloons rise, atmosphere becomes less dense with altitude.

Buoyancy in Gas Gas-filled balloon will continue to rise until
the weight of displaced air equals the total weight of the balloon the buoyant force on the balloon equals its weight (which says the same thing)

Buoyancy in Gas CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
As a balloon rises higher and higher into the atmosphere, its __________. A. volume decreases density increases weight increases None of the above D. None of above

Buoyancy in Gas CHECK YOUR ANSWER
As a balloon rises higher and higher into the atmosphere, its __________. A. volume decreases density increases weight increases None of the above D. None of the above

Fluid Flow continuous flow
Volume of fluid that flows past any cross-section of a pipe in a given time is the same as that flowing past any other section of the pipe even if the pipe widens or narrows. Fluid speeds up when it flows from a wide to narrow pipe. Motion of fluid follows imaginary streamlines.

Bernoulli’s Principle
discovered by Daniel Bernoulli, a 15th century Swiss scientist states that where the speed of a fluid increases, internal pressure in the fluid decreases applies to a smooth, steady flow

Streamlines thin lines representing fluid motion closer together, flow speed is greater and pressure within the fluid is less wider, flow speed is less and pressure within the fluid is greater

Laminar flow smooth steady flow of constant density fluid Turbulent flow flow speed above a critical point becomes chaotic

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR The pressure in a stream of water is reduced as the stream speeds up. Can a stream of water from a fire hose actually knock a person off his or her feet? A. It can’t, as Bernoulli’s principle illustrates. It can, and is consistent with Bernoulli’s principle. Bernoulli’s principle works only for laminar flow, which the stream is not. None of the above B. It can, and is consistent with Bernoulli’s principle.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER The pressure in a stream of water is reduced as the stream speeds up. Can a stream of water from a fire hose actually knock a person off his or her feet? A. It can’t, as Bernoulli’s principle illustrates. It can, and is consistent with Bernoulli’s principle. Bernoulli’s principle works only for laminar flow, which the stream is not. None of the above Explanation: There’s a difference in the pressure within flowing water and the pressure it can exert when its momentum is changed. The pressure that knocks one off his or her feet is due to the change in the water’s momentum, not the pressure within the water. B. It can, and is consistent with Bernoulli’s principle.

Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle Blow on the top surface of a paper and the paper rises. Reason: The pressure of the moving air is less than the atmospheric pressure beneath it. Convertible car roof puffs upward as air moves over its top surface. Reason: The pressure of air moving on the top surface is less than the atmospheric pressure inside the car.

Wind blowing across a peaked roof can lift the roof off the house. Reason: Pressure is reduced as wind gains speed as it flows over the roof. The greater pressure inside the house lifts the roof up. Perfume atomizer Reason: Air rushes across the open end of the tube when you squeeze the bulb, reducing pressure in the tube. Atmospheric pressure on the liquid below pushes it up into the tube.

Trucks passing closely on a highway are drawn to each other. Reason: Air pressure between the trucks is less than pressure on their outer sides pushing inward. Risk of passing ships colliding sideways Reason: Water pressure between the ships is less than pressure on their outer sides pushing inward.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR On a windy day, waves in a lake or the ocean are higher than their average height. What factor in Bernoulli’s principle contributes to the increased height? A. Reduced pressure pulls water upward. Pressure builds up over the crests. Air travels faster over the crests than the troughs. None of the above C. Air travels faster over the crests than the troughs.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER On a windy day, waves in a lake or the ocean are higher than their average height. What factor in Bernoulli’s principle contributes to the increased height? A. Reduced pressure pulls water upward. Pressure builds up over the crests. Air travels faster over the crests than the troughs. None of the above Explanation: The troughs of the waves are partially shielded from the wind, so air travels faster over the crests. Pressure there is thus lower than down below in the troughs. The greater pressure in the troughs pushes water into the even higher crests. C. Air travels faster over the crests than the troughs.

Conceptual Physics Fundamentals

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Conceptual Physics Fundamentals"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Conceptual Physics Fundamentals

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Conceptual Physics Fundamentals"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback