1. Organic Chemistry-1

2. Organic Chemistry
is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.

3. Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories:
Inorganic Compounds:
Do not contain carbon

4. Timberlake LecturePLUS
Organic Compounds
Contain significant amounts of carbon.
are mostly composed of 4 elements:
H, O, N, C “honk”
Have covalent bonds
Have low melting points
Have low boiling points
Burn in air (oxygen)
Are soluble in nonpolar solvents
Form large molecules
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5. Exceptions:
oxides of carbon (CO2, CO)
carbonates,bicarbonates(NaHCO3,CaCO3)
cyanides (NaCN, etc)

6. Origin of organic compounds
21/10/99
Origin of organic compounds
Naturally occurring organic compounds are found in plants, animals, and fossil fuels
Synthetic organic compounds are derived from fossil fuels or plant material

7. Carbon: Carbon is essential to life for several reasons:
It can form strong stable covalent bonds
It can form up to 4 chemical bonds
It can form multiple bonds

9. Hydrocarbons:
Contain C and H only

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1.Hydrocarbons
Alkanes
C C
Alkenes
C C
Alkynes
C C
Aromatics

11. Alkanes
Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bonds
Have 4 bonds to every carbon (C)atom
Are nonpolar molecules
Saturated
General formula: [CnH2n+2], where n is the number of C atoms in the compound.
Name uses the ending –ane

12. Nomenclature International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
colloquially:
“eye-you-pac”
Devised following WWII ca

13. Timberlake LecturePLUS
IUPAC Names
Name # carbons condensed formulas
Methane 1 CH4
Ethane 2 C2H6
Propane 3 C3H8
Butane 4 C4H10
Pentane 5 C5H12
Hexane C6H14
The names of organic compounds are determined by the IUPAC rules (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). The stem of the name states the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the compounds. The suffix, in this case –ane, indicates the alkane family.
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14. Timberlake LecturePLUS
Structural Formulas
H H
 
H C  H H C H
H H
CH4 , methane
Each pair of electrons is shown as a line in the structural formula.
In methane, CH4 the four valence electrons of carbon are shared with the single electrons of four hydrogen (H) atoms. Each pair of electrons is a single bond, which can be drawn as a line. When a structure is drawn to show each bond, it is called a complete structural formula.
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15. Timberlake LecturePLUS
More Alkanes
Condensed Structural Formulas
Ethane
H C C H CH CH3
H H H Propane
CH CH2 CH3 H H H H
The complete structural formula for ethane shows the single bonds between two carbon atoms and six H atoms. The complete structural formula of propane shows the 3-carbon chain with single bonds to the attached H atoms. To write a condensed structural formula, the H atoms are written as a group next to their respective C atoms. H C C C H H H H
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16. 1.1.1.a. Alkyl Groups
Alkyl group s are obtained when one H is removed from an alkane

17. Timberlake LecturePLUS 1999
Alkyl Groups H
H C CH3 methyl
H H
H C C CH3CH2 ethyl
An alkyl group is composed of one or more carbon atoms attached to a carbon chain. An alkyl group is derived from an alkane by removing one hydrogen. The ending –ane of the alkane is changed to –yl. The carbon branch from methane is the methyl group. The carbon branch from ethane is the ethyl group.
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18. CH3Cl methyl chloride CH2CH3Br ethyl bromide Shown as R- in general
Name: replace -ane ending of alkane with -yl ending
CH3 is “methyl” (from methane)
CH2CH3 is “ethyl” (from ethane)
CH2CH2CH3 is “propyl” (from propane)
CH3Cl methyl chloride
CH2CH3Br ethyl bromide

19. Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are alkanes having carbon atoms that form a ring.
The two ends of the carbon chain are attached in a ring in a cyclic hydrocarbon
General formula: CnH2n

20.  Structure is shown as a regular polygon with the number of vertexes equal to the number of C’s.
H2C CH2 or
cyclobutane
C4H8

21. Cyclohexane or

22. to name, prefix the name of the corresponding open-chain alkane with cyclo-.
Cyclobutane
C4H8
Cyclopropane
C3H6
Cyclohexane
C6H12
Cyclopentane
C5H10

23. 1.1.3.Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
the simplest member is ethene (ethylene).

24. No. of Carbon Atoms in One Molecule Structure of One Molecule
Alkene Member
Structure of One Molecule 2
ethene
(C2H4) 3
propene
(C3H6) 4
butene
(C4H8) H C H C H C

25. General formula: [CnH2n], where n is the number of C atoms in the compound.
names of alkenes end with –ene.

26. 1.1.4. alkynes: Acetylene, the simplest alkyne.
hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Acetylene, the simplest alkyne.
“-yne” as a suffix indicates an alkyne
General formula is CnH2n-2.

27. propyne (methylacetylene)
Alkynes: CnH2n-2
C2H2 H—C  C—H
ethyne (acetylene)
C3H CH3CCH
propyne (methylacetylene)

28. 1.2.Aromatic hydrocarbons:
A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Called as “aromatic hydrocarbons”, because of pleasant odor
Also called as arenes.

29. simplest aromatic is benzene (C6H6)or
Benzene is a six-carbon ring, with alternating double and single bonds

30. One derivative of Benzene is called phenylethene, or commonly named STYRENE.
Foamed styrene is trademarked by Dow Chemicals as “styrofoam”
Other manufacturers usually just called “foam cups”
CH2 CH

31. THE END!!!
Don’t forget checking out “ Organic Chemistry- 2.”