1. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-1A Free Flight with Airborne Separation will result in an uncontrolled, dangerous jungle without a firm central controlling element such as ATC. Pilots haven’t got the time, the training nor the mental resources available to function as ATC on top of flying the aircraft.

2. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-2A Conceptual Design of Free Flight with Airborne Separation Assurance l Jacco Hoekstra l Ronald van Gent l Rob Ruigrok

3. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-3A Free Flight goals l User preferred routing –Horizontally direct to destination optimum speed –Vertically optimum level cruise climb l More capacity

4. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-4A Present day ATC control

5. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-5A User Preferred Routing

6. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-6A Airborne Perspective

7. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-7A Starting Points / Constraints l No ATC –Probe the limits l All aircraft fully equipped –e.g. ADS-B –EFIS-CDTI l Cruise flight only –Direct routing –Optimal cruise altitude

8. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-8A Three sub-studies: l Traffic Manager: Off-line simulations –Find a suitable base-line concept –Create background scenario for Man-in-the- Loop Simulation Experiment l TOPAZ (Traffic Organization and Perturbation AnalyZer) –Safety Analysis –Predict critical non-nominal situations l Man-in-the-Loop Simulation Experiment –Human Factors Issues –Validation of concept with Man-in-the-Loop

9. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-9A l Several concepts tested –Altitude step –Cross product of speed vectors –Extended VFR rules –Variations of TCAS manoeuvres –Voltage potential l Modified Voltage potential validated –(Ref. M. Eby, Lincoln Laboratory) Traffic Manager Runs

10. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-10A Modified Voltage Potential Intruder’s protected zone Heading distance Speed change Avoidance vector Minimum distance Ownship Intruder

11. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-11A Traffic & Experiment Manager

12. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-12A Traffic Manager Results l Fail Safe aspects –Both aircraft detect & resolute conflicts –Backup: TCAS, R/T l Scenarios for man-in-the-loop experiment: –Single, double & triple WE density –Events

13. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-13A Topaz Safety Analysis (1) l Two airways in opposite direction l Independent variables: route spacing, non-nominals l Dependent: Collision risk l ASAS equipped, airborne separation, good weather, no global ADS-B failure, independent transmitter & receiver Airway Route spacing

14. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-14A TOPAZ safety analysis (2)

15. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-15A TOPAZ safety analysis (3)

16. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-16A TOPAZ safety analysis(4) l Free Flight with Airborne Separation Assurance is feasible in comparison to current ATC l Biggest safety benefit will be achieved by dealing with the Non-Nominal/Nominal contribution

17. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-17A Man-in-the-loop simulation

18. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-18A Man-in-the-loop Simulation Configuration AIRSIM RFS TEM

19. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-19A Experimental Design Place of non-nominals in matrix changed between subject crews 18 runs per crew air line pilots 2 days incl. half a day of training

20. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-20A Man Machine Interface l Modifications to Navigation Display –Traffic symbology –Conflict detection –Resolution Advisories –Vertical Navigation Display –Extra EFIS Control Panel functionality l Modifications to Autopilot –Execute combined –Execute separate l Aural alerts l Dedicated blue light under glareshield

21. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-21A Navigation Display

22. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-22A Man-in-the-Loop experiment Hypotheses l Less than acceptable l Less safe l More workload

23. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-23A Man-in-the-Loop experiment Results

24. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-24A Man-in-the-Loop experiment Results

25. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-25A Man-in-the-Loop experiment Results

26. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-26A Man-in-the-Loop experiment Results

27. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-27A Conclusions l Free Flight concept as implemented is acceptable in cruise phase l Workload in a future Free Flight scenario in cruise phase is not higher than in present day ATC scenario l Free Flight concept is at least as safe as present day ATC l None of the three sub-studies (off-line simulations, TOPAZ safety analysis, Man-in-the-Loop experiment) could refute the feasibility of an Airborne Separation Assurance concept for a future Free Flight environment.

28. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-28A Issues l Some form of obtaining intent information should be made available. l Aircraft, which are in trouble, should be able to broadcast a signal upon which they would receive priority with conflicts. l Passenger comfort l Fine tuning of conflict detection & resolution based on remarks of pilots

29. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium National Aerospace Laboratory NLR CXXX-29A Demonstration PC version Traffic Manager l Resolution method l Ground & air perspective l Navigation display symbology