1. THE WAR OF 1812

2. 1. Causes of the War Free seas and trade
neither Britain or France respected neutral rights
majority of Americans sympathized with France against Britain
British violations of neutral rights more blatant - impressments

4. b. Frontier Pressures
Americans more ambitious for more land
Canada and Florida (England, Spain and Native Americans stood in the way.
Gen. William Henry Harrison (Gov. of Indiana Territory) destroyed the Native American Headquarters (Battle of Tippecanoe) and ended Indian Confederacy
British blamed US for conflict

8. c. War Hawks
Congressional elections of 1810 brought new group of young Republicans
Came from frontier states (Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio)
Eager to go to war
Led by Henry Clay (Kentucky), John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina)

9. Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

10. 2. A Divided Nation Election of 1812
Division of opinion seen in presidential election
Madison defeated De Witt Clinton of New York

12. b. Opposition to the War
Outspoken criticism of the war – N. England merchants, Federalist politicians and “Old” Republicans

13. 3. Military Defeats and Naval Victories
Madison based hope of victory on two things:
1. Napoleon's continued success in
Europe
2. US land campaign against Canada

14. Invasion of Canada
Army poorly equipped, but initiated action
Launched 3 prong invasion of Canada
Easily repulsed by British defenders

16. b. Naval Battles
Victories attributed to superior shipbuilding
USS Constitution – “Old Ironsides” raised morale by defeating and sinking a British ship
American privateers successful in capturing British merchant ships

18. b. Naval battles cont.
British were successful in blockading the US coast – crippled trading and fishing
Victories at Lake Erie, the Thames River (near Detroit), and Lake Champlain ended the British campaign in NY & New England

19. b. Naval battles cont.
Prepared the way for Gen. Harrison’s military victory at battle of Thames River (near Detroit) – which killed Tecumseh
1814, Thomas Macdonough defeated British fleet on Lake Champlain
Result: British forced to retreat and abandon plan to invade New York and New England

21. Lake Champlain

22. c. Chesapeake Campaign
1814, defeat of Napoleon enabled British to increase forces
British marched through DC – set fire to the White House, Capitol, and other buildings
Attempted to capture Ft. McHenry (Baltimore)
Origins of the Star Spangled Banner

28. d. Southern Campaign
Battle of Horseshoe Bend – Andrew Jackson – ended power of Creek Nation
New Orleans – Andrew Jackson – defeated the British (fought 6 weeks after the signing of the peace treaty

32. 4. The Treaty of Ghent Halt to the fighting
Return of all conquered territory
Recognition of prewar boundary between Canada and the US

34. 5. Hartford Convention
Before end of the war – New England came close to seceding from the Union
Opposed the war
Special convention held at Hartford, CT

36. 6. War’s Legacy US gained respect of other nations
US accepted Canada as neighbor
Federalist party came to an end as a national force
Nullification talk and secession in New England set a precedent used by the South

37. e. Native Americans in the West were forced to give up large areas of land
f. US factories were built – America took big step toward industrial self-sufficiency
g. War heroes – Jackson and Harrison –political leaders
h. Feeling of nationalism