1. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Penn World Table Version 6.1 (October 2002).

2. © van Marrewijk, 2005

3. Data source: Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997); the thin line is a trend line

4. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Maddison (2003); the thin line is a trend line

5. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Maddison (2003); the thin lines are trend lines.

6. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997); the thin line is a trend line

7. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: World Development Indicators 2003 CD-ROM, The World Bank

8. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Coe, Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997); the thin line is a trend line

9. © van Marrewijk, 2005

10. Data source: Maddison (2001); WW II = World War II.

11. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Maddison (2001); “Other” refers to ships of the Danish, Swedish trading companies, and the Ostend company

12. © van Marrewijk, 2005 Data source: Maddison (2001)

13. © van Marrewijk, 2005

14. Data source: Hinloopen and van Marrewijk (2004)