1. S have/has V-en … since S V-ed … N have/has V-ed have/has V-ed --------|-----------------------------x------ --------|-----------------------------x------ V-ed Now V-ed Now N N She has taught English She has taught English since 1990. since 1990. she graduated from college. she graduated from college.

2. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N had V-ed had V-ed --------|-----------------||-----------x------ --------|-----------------||-----------x------ V-ed Now V-ed Now N N She started to teach at NHSH in 1994. Up until then, she had taught at CSJH since 1979. She started to teach at NHSH in 1994. Up until then, she had taught at CSJH since 1979. … she had taught at CSJH since she graduated from college. … she had taught at CSJH since she graduated from college.

3. Ms. Wang looked very anxious the day before yesterday. Her baby had had a fever since last Monday. Ms. Wang looked very anxious the day before yesterday. Her baby had had a fever since last Monday. had had a fever had had a fever --|------------------------||----------------x---- --|------------------------||----------------x---- last Monday looked very anxious Now last Monday looked very anxious Now

4. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N e.g. 1 e.g. 1 had been unemployed had been unemployed --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ closed Now closed Now The man had been unemployed ever since the Levi s factory closed. The man had been unemployed ever since the Levi s factory closed.

5. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N e.g. 2 had visited had visited --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ accident Now accident Now No one had visited the place since the accident. No one had visited the place since the accident.

6. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N e.g. 3 had worked had worked --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ opened closed down Now opened closed down Now Mr. Wu had worked for the company since it opened in 1993. However, it closed down last year. Mr. Wu had worked for the company since it opened in 1993. However, it closed down last year.

7. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N Exercise A: 1. had visited had visited --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ left 2009 Now left 2009 Now Up until 2009, Mr. Lin had visited his family in China only twice since he left China in 1949. Up until 2009, Mr. Lin had visited his family in China only twice since he left China in 1949.

8. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N Exercise A: 2. had traveled had traveled --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ started stopped Now started stopped Now Up until Peter stopped traveling last year, he had traveled to Europe five times since he started traveling in 1986. Up until Peter stopped traveling last year, he had traveled to Europe five times since he started traveling in 1986.

9. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N Exercise A: 3. had waited had waited --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ got showed up Now got showed up Now Jenny showed up at 8 last night. Since her boyfriend got to the restaurant at 7, he had waited for Jenny for an hour before she arrived. Jenny showed up at 8 last night. Since her boyfriend got to the restaurant at 7, he had waited for Jenny for an hour before she arrived.

10. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N Exercise A: 4. had been had been --|-------------------------||-----------x------ --|-------------------------||-----------x------ Freshman year last year Now Freshman year last year Now Up until last week, Bob had been our class leader ever since our freshman year. Up until last week, Bob had been our class leader ever since our freshman year.

11. S had V-en … since S V-ed … N Exercise A: 5. had been had been --|-------------------------||---------------x---- --|-------------------------||---------------x---- the last sunny day stopped raining Now the last sunny day stopped raining Now It finally stopped raining this morning. It had been three days since the last sunny day. It finally stopped raining this morning. It had been three days since the last sunny day.

12. Now, say something about yourself using this pattern. 1. Before you got into high school, how many years had you learned English since elementary school? 1. Before you got into high school, how many years had you learned English since elementary school? had learned English had learned English --|------------------------||------------x---- --|------------------------||------------x---- elementary school got into h.s. Now elementary school got into h.s. Now

13. More… 1. Tell me something about yourself before you got into high school. 1. Tell me something about yourself before you got into high school. e.g. I ________________ since I was ten years old. had V-en had V-en --|------------------------||------------x---- --|------------------------||------------x---- was 10 years old got into h.s. Now was 10 years old got into h.s. Now