1. Infrastructures in Energy- 10 years experience –how does this feed into the future? Nick Syred Cardiff University

2. Cardiff University - EU Infrastructures EU Panel - 1990’s - large unique European combustion facilities available for research/ training Major accessible combustion Facilities identified. Lead to EUROFLAM- Cardiff, IFRF, the Netherlands and ENEL, Italy, 1994.

3. EUROFLAM -the last 10 years Separate applications- common management structure - publicity, assessment, etc. Yearly seminar- investigators present work. Access up to 9 months Operated under HCM, then TMR etc Followed by EUROFLAM 2 and 3 +extension

4. EUROFLAM, the last 10 years Later 6 months study PICOFLAM for FSU (3) EUROFLAM Marie Curie Industrial training site- same management structure-Cardiff 4 fellows -42 months Positive Investigator feedback

5. EUROFLAM -the last 10 years 3 Institutions -different strengths/ weaknesses. Institutions - major Industry - Industrial Research + University - unique complimentarity Feedback from assessors very good Lead ↑ research co-operation ENEL exceptional-liked young investigators + ‘tangential’ ideas - mature Investigators

6. EUROFLAM - the last 10 years IFRF, the Netherlands, support by National flame Committees- European, USA, Japan, Australia, Canada etc- Investigators liked global flavour/contacts I3 funding sort- EUROFLAM 4- more co-ordinated approach, 3x3 months in 3 Centres. Not funded

7. Concerted Actions in Energy Round table/Infrastructure Co-Op. network - 8 years with: IFRF, ENEL, Cardiff - EUROFLAM consortium +Ciemat PSA, Spain (Solar Energy) +FAPS/CRNS Orleans, Combustion/Aerothermal studies +IMP, CRNS, Font Romeu, France- large solar mirrors Most synergy FAPS and EUROFLAM + Ciemat-PSA

8. Concerted Actions in Energy Euroflam OK - difficult to collaborate with others No point unless leads to sustained co-operation - needs financing. Too diverse? ie IMP, CRNS Solar Energy mirrors-materials research via high temp. furnaces CIEMAT-PSA-very co-operative

9. CA’s in Energy- a way forward? Focus/bridge between fossil fuel energy & renewables? How large/membership? CA’s in various energy areas -steering committee? Need targeted R&D calls to bind diverse groups. ie Solar/Combustion, wind/wave/tidal etc

10. The future? Varying national priorities, funding, privatisation? Common research for 10 years? Large scale facilities-regular upgrading/obsolescence? Long employment staff problematic Instrumentation regular maintenance/replacement. EUROFLAM-good model-diverse Institutions co-operating, ↑common research

11. The future? Integration beyond certain levels? Success - small groups of persons - ‘succession’ ? EUROFLAM-I3 concept 9 month package, 3 months at 3 Institutions attractive? Great diversity of Large Scale Facilities, many benefits of linking diverse but related facilites as EUROFLAM Energy Facilities very diverse?

12. What can be done-illustrate by what we are doing in Wales Welsh Assembly Govt. ↑energy research CU large rigs laser diagnostics/lab. equipment ↑10 years-upgrading? Move- new areas, upgrade existing rigs/diagnostics Co-operation other Welsh Universities Better site needed

13. What can be done-illustrate by what we are doing in Wales Relocation high pressure, 16 bar, GT combustor rig to Port Talbot. Rig-upgrade-full optical access - laser diagnostics- 21 st C needs. Operational 2006 Run by University- agreements with donating organisation Other smaller rigs to follow

14. SRIF 2 Sustainable Energy Gas Turbine Combustion Research Centre 16 bar 900 K 5 Kg/s New Optical Rig  4 Optical Acess Windows  Suitable for LDA, PIV, PLIF & Laser tomography  Burning rate for variety of fuels (gaseous & Liquids) Auto ignition Rig  Intrusive Gas Sampling  Turbulent Burning Velocities

15. What can be done-illustrate by what we are doing in Wales Gas turbine oscillations, emissions, novel fuel mixes, hydrogen, micro- combustors Pulse detonation engines Equipment side upgrade: 0.75 M Euros new/upgraded laser diagnostics 1.4 M Euros new chem. lab. for environ. analysis etc

16. What can be done-illustrate by what we are doing in Wales 4/5 large rigs CU to Port Talbot. Pan Wales re-organisation of Energy work to Port Talbot ↑ Synergy in diverse Institutions Completion 2007 Similar concentrations Sheffield/Leeds Universities

17. What can be done-illustrate by what we are doing in Wales Materials R&D Swansea,also to Port Talbot ? Quota of D.Eng’s- 4 years. 20 per year bidding proces. Stipend 27K Euros p.a. tax free Very cost effective-dynamic centre/node Young + mature researchers beneficial

18. What can be done-illustrate by what we are doing in Wales Development via : Bidding industrial work globally Government grants EU R&D progs. Other Universities access? EU trans national access

19. How can we relate this to the development of new Infrastructures? UK ↑concentration, Universities science/ tech.↓ Student nos. same Technician courses↓ R&D in Eng. Depts in UK Rolls Royce → R&D to Universities/Cambridge/ Nottingham. Aided Govnt. funding to Universities Rolls Royce same Germany/ USA Can cause problems

20. How can we relate this to the development of new Infrastructures? New infrastructure needs? Closure of IFRF research station? Why? Relied on International Contributions Failed to develop new areas Dutch costs too high

21. How can we relate this to the development of new Infrastructures? Dynamic areas in combust.? Gas turbines- oscillations- diverse fuels, ↑compressors, turbines, materials etc High pressure data needed New cycles CO2 sequestration, components/fuel cells Coal utilisation/co-firing,↑ cycles, novel cycles Mini/micro- propulsion/power systems

22. How can we relate this to the development of new Infrastructures? Small biomass power, ↑small steam turbines, gas turbines H2 alternatives ? lousy for storage Gas engines-CNG ? IC engine ↑?- ↑ compression ratios Combustion fundamentals?