1. Chemistry & life Biology, 21-25 January 2011 Donald Winslow
Readings: Sylvia S. Mader 2011 Inquiry into Life, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill, NY.
Ch. 1 pp 1-9; Ch. 2 pp 20-35, 37-41

2. Objectives for basic chemistry
Define “atom” & “element” & give examples.
Define “subatomic particle” & give examples.
Describe different types of chemical bonds.
Describe & give examples of acids & bases.
Describe & give examples of important buffers.

3. Objective for biochemistry
Define organic molecules & explain the importance of carbon.
Describe the structure & function of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Give examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Describe dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis.

4. Matter & energy Matter Energy Composed of particles, has mass
The ability to do work, involves forces that affect position & movement of particles.
Kinetic energy, potential energy, heat, light, electromagnetic radiation.

5. Subatomic particles
Atomic nucleus composed of protons & neutrons; electrons orbit nucleus.
Protons
Positive (+) charge, ~1 atomic mass unit
Electrons
Electric (-) charge, ~0 atomic mass units
Potential energy of electron increases with increasing distance from nucleus.
Neutrons
No charge, ~1 atomic mass unit

6. Elements & atoms Atomic symbols Atomic numbers
C, H, N, O, P, S, etc.
Atomic numbers
Number of protons in nucleus
Periodic table of the elements
Isotopes
12C & 14C, radiation

7. Atoms can be combined to form molecules
Atoms can be combined to form molecules. Chemical reactions result in exchange of atoms between molecules, synthesis of large molecules from small molecules, or division of large molecules into small molecules.

8. Elements & compounds An element contains only one kind of atom.
Examples: Au, O2
A compound contains multiple kinds of atoms.
Examples: H2O, CO2

9. Chemical bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Polar covalent bonds
Relation to salts
Covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds

10. Properties of water High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization
Solvent
Cohesion & adhesion
Ice is less dense than water
Hydrogen ion concentration is measured by pH

11. Acids, bases, & buffers
An acidic solution has a high H+ concentration & therefore a low pH.
vinegar, citric acid, ascorbic acid, HCl, H2SO4
A basic (alkaline) solution has a low H+ concentration & therefore a high pH.
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), antacid, NaOH
A buffer solution contains a compound that maintains the pH within a narrow range by binding excess H+ and OH- ions.
Examples: carbonic acid (H2CO3), NaHCO3

12. Organic molecules Lipids Carbohydrates Amino acids & proteins
Nucleic acids

13. Lipids Variable structure
Lots of H & C; not much O or N
Not water soluble
Functions in energy storage, membranes, chemical messengers, etc.
Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, cholesterol, waxes, oils

14. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides (monomeric sugars).
Function in energy storage & transfer, structural features such as plant cell walls
Examples: glucose, fructose, sucrose (table sugar), lactose, starch, glycogen

15. Proteins
Proteins are polypeptides, often modified to form complex shapes.
A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids, connected by peptide bonds.
Function as enzymes (catalyzing chemical reactions), structural proteins, hormones, antibodies, etc.
Examples: amylase, keratin, insulin

16. Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
Function in heredity; direct cellular metabolism, development, etc.
Examples: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA)

17. Molecular shape is important to biological function

18. Hydrolysis & dehydration synthesis
Splits polymer into smaller molecules, using a water molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
Builds polymer from two smaller molecules, releasing water.

19. Properties of living things
Growth, development, reproduction
Need energy & materials for metabolism
Composed of cells
Organized
Communication of information
Adaptation
Genes direct development, etc.

20. Biological hierarchy Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Population
Community
Nine-banded armadillo

21. Ecological hierarchy Organism Population Community Ecosystem Landscape
Biome
Biosphere
Agricultural corridor within forested landscape in southern Indiana.

22. Taxonomic hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus
Species