1. Biotechnolgy

2. Basic Molecular Biology Core of biotechnology

3. Began in 1940s Scientists studying animal and plant viruses

4. 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick identified the structure of DNA

5. 1960s The genetic code was worked out

6. 1970s Restriction enzymes were discovered.

7. Broad range of studies DNA-RNA genetic engineering cloning gene therapy recombinant DNA gene splicing

8. Nucleotides composed of three parts –a phosphate molecule –a sugar molecule –a nitrogen base molecule

9. Sugar molecules ribose as in RNA deoxyribose as in DNA

10. Nitrogen bases five bases in RNA and DNA

11. DNA Cytosine - C Thymine - T Adenine - A Guanine - G

12. RNA A, C, G & Uracil - U found only in RNA Substitutes for Thymine

13. Structure of DNA genetic material of the cell - makes up the genes genes are organized in chromosomes

14. Chromosomes make up the genetic info of the cell or genome

15. The nucleotides….. ACT&G form two long strands The strands are complimentary Bases on one strand are paired with those on the other strand

16. Base Pairing A with T C with G ALWAYS this way!

17. Double Helix forms when the two strands intertwine like a ribbon around a pole

18. Antiparallel The two strands run antiparallel They face each other and run in opposite directions

19. Strands run in different directions one strand runs from 5 to 3 the other strand runs 3to 5

20. Prime ends 3 & 5 are differentiated by the arrangement of the sugar on each nucleotide 5 ends in a Phosphate (P) 3 ends in a Hydroxide (OH)

21. DNA Structure unique for three reasons complimentarity of the two strands - base pairing variability of base sequence along the two linear strands

22. DNA Structure independence of the two strands –their ability to separate and rejoin without destroying the molecule.

23. DNA in Humans 6 billion base pairs in a human cell 100 trillion cells in human body. DNA in a human would reach to the moon and back 250,000 times

24. Turns of the helix There are ten base pairs per complete turn of the helix Distance of one complete turn of the helix is 34 A ( Angstrums)

25. Functions of DNA carry genetic information express genetic information

26. Express genetic info directs the synthesis of proteins proteins determine the traits of an organism

27. Eukaryotic Cells having a true membrane bound nucleus DNA of nucleus is stored by wrapping it around five proteins to form a nucleosome.

28. Nucleosome forms the chromosome the genes are located along the DNA molecule chromosomes occur in pairs

29. Prokaryotic Cells chromosome is not associated with proteins exists as a single, circular chromosome of double stranded DNA. Also contain smaller circular DNA called a plasmid

30. Plasmids can pass between bacteria are vehicles for introducing new genes into bacteria in nature and in the lab

31. Transcription Replication goes from the 5 to the 3 end of DNA

32. Reading DNA DNA is read from 3 to 5

33. Synthesis of DNA synthesized only in the 5 to 3 direction Cannot initiate synthesis of a new strand - requires a 3OH as a primer

34. Types of RNA messenger - mRNA carries the code for a protein

35. Codon sequence of three bases each three bases represents an amino acid

36. Transfer RNA tRNA carries appropriate Amino Acid with it anticodon - pairs with the codon

37. Ribosomal RNA rRNA required for bonding to occur by Amino Acids Ribosome has two parts –big –small