1. Biotech Applications in Livestock Production
Sperm cells sorted by flow cytometry based on X/Y chromosome. Expensive!
Transgenics – pharming: manufacture expensive hormones and vaccines.
Cloning – see slide of Dolly
DNA-based genetic eval.: use DNA markers in calculation of EPD.

2. Biotechnology Definition
The science of altering genetic and reproductive processes in plants and animals

3. Two areas
Genetic engineering
Reproductive systems

4. Genetic Engineering is based on a technology involving recombinant DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid

5. Genetic Engineering
involves taking a tiny bit of DNA containing the desired gene from one organism and splicing it into the DNA strand of another organism

6. Genetic Engineering
purpose - to have the recipient organism take on the characteristic controlled by the transferred gene

7. Genetic Engineering

8. Examples disease resistant animals growth regulators
BST & PST
new drugs and vaccines
Identification / parentage testing

9. Examples specify size and sex of animals DNA-based genetic evaluation
organism that “eats” oil used in the Persian Gulf

10. Examples
What are we going to look at?
BST
PST
Cloning
Semen Sexing

11. BST Bovine Somatotropin (Bovine Growth Hormone)
Somatotropins are proteins that affect the utilization of energy in the body
Mainly used in the dairy industry

12. BST Introduced in the early 1980’s and tested on over 20,000 cows
Finally Approved on November 5, 1993

13. BST
causes energy derived from feed to be used for milk production rather than weight gain

14. BST does not reduce energy available for body maintenance
increases energy available by improving breakdown of fat and increasing appetite

15. BST
Small amounts of BST are produced naturally in the cow by the pituitary gland

16. BST
Previously, the only source of BST for research has been from pituitary glands of dead cows
Now, because of genetic engineering, large quantities of BST can be produced

17. BST
Gene that controls BST production is spliced into the DNA of a bacteria “Agrobacteria”
Is injected into a cow

18. BST
causing increased BST production in the cow

19. BST
research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Cornell University in New York has showed possible increases of 40% over lactation (305 days)

20. Formula
20,000# X 40% = 8000# of extra milk
$10/cwt =$800

21. Porcine Somatotropin
is produced naturally by the pituitary gland of the pig
it acts as a growth regulator

22. PST
production decreases as an animal matures

23. PST
produced through rDNA technology

24. PST
how it works
A. causes an increase in cell division in muscle tissue.

25. PST
B. causes decrease in fat storage and increases in accumulation of protein.
C. improves feed efficiency and decrease fat deposition

26. Results A. increase in feed efficiency 29% B. increase daily gain 19%
C. increase loin eye area 12%
D. decreases fat 33%

27. Disadvantage
Labor and cost
Must be injected daily

28. Cloning
Cloning is the process of making a identical duplicate of one individual.

29. Cloning
Very controversial
Ethical?
Personal Opinions?

30. Cloning
Discovered by accident while doing research on fertility in human embryos in 1993
Animals had been previously cloned during embryonic research in 1986

31. Cloning
Dolly
Gene

32. Cloning Animals have been cloned and threatening to use in humans.
Involves taking DNA and reproducing an animal/human from one sample of DNA.

33. Cloning Started in Lab rats and then moved to sheep “Dolly” “Gene”
Life expectancy is uncertain

34. Cloning Advantages (when works) Maintain Superior Animal
Save endangered species
Maximize profits
Know what kind of animal you are going to get

35. Cloning Disadvantages Life expectancy Moral concerns
Idea that we are going to create 100 Abraham Lincoln’s
Little research due to regulations

36. Cloning
So…where are we going with cloning?

37. Cloning Factory Farming Attempt to clone large group of chickens
August 15, 2001

38. Cloning
“Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same''

39. Cloning Future Government regulations are restrictive
Not very promising
Personal Opinions

40. Semen Sexing Determining sex of animal before animal is born
Work with X and Y chromosome

41. Semen Sexing
Two ways
A. Extract one cell from an early embryonic stage and with the use of a DNA probe, one can determine the sex

42. Semen Sexing
B. sorting of semen, one sperm at a time, into males and females
detecting by laser beam
X sperm glows brighter

43. Semen Sexing Advantages Can eliminate unwanted sex
Maternal over Terminal
Females vs. Males

44. Semen Sexing
Disadvantages
Cost
Labor
Limited Sources
Accuracy

45. Genetic Engineering Questions on genetic engineering? BST PST Cloning
Semen Sexing