1. Basic Cell Structure

2. Cells Basic building blocks of life
Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology

3. Cell Smallest living unit of an organism
Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

4. Cell Many cannot be seen with the naked eye
A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism

5. Cells Divided and classified in many ways
One common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell necleus

6. Nucleus Relatively large structure with a cell Directs cell activities
Some simple single celled organisms lack a nucleus

7. Nucleus
Prokaryotes – have no nucleus
Eukaryotes – have a nucleus

8. Prokaryotes Single celled organism Kingdom Monera Lacks a cell nucleus
Internal structure is less organized than other cells

9. Prokaryotes Genetic info needed is within the cell
Two most common – blue green bacteria and true bacteria

10. Blue green bacteria Have ability to produce their own food like plants
Most bacteria get their food from other sources

11. Prokaryotes Less complex than eukaryotes
Still have many of the basic internal characteristics

12. Common prokaryote structures
Cytoplasm
Chromosomal material
Cell membrane and wall
Ribosomes
Some have flagellum for mobility

13. Eukaryotes Organism made up of cells that have a nucleus
May be single celled – Kingdom Protista
May have billions of cells like plant and animal kingdoms

14. Eukaryotes
Single celled eukaryotes include paramecia, euglena, and diatoms

15. Eukaryotes Typically are highly organized
Infinite number of shapes and purposes

16. Eukaryotes Human body has at least 85 different cell types
All eukaryotes have a number of structures in common

17. Common structures
Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific funtions
Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper

18. Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Plants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall

19. Cell wall
Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water
Animal cells do not have walls

20. Cytoplasm Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like substance
Primary component is water

21. Nucleus
Largest and most identifiable part of the cell

22. Other organelles Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi bodies
Endoplasmic reticulum

23. Other organelles
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts in plants

24. Nucleus Brain of the cell
Site of much of the manipulation done in biotechnology

25. Nucleus Controls activity of the cell Round or oval structure
Typically found in the middle of the cell
Appears darker than surrounding material

26. Nucleus
Surrounded by a membrane that controls passage of materials in and out of the area

27. Nucleus Contains DNA DNA is located on chromosomes
Most organisms are diploid – have two chromosomes for each trait

28. Diploid
Humans – 23 pair
Goldfish – 90 chrms, 45 pair

29. Cytoplasmic Organelles
Organelles are required for proper cell function
Ribosome – make proteins for cellular use and communication
May be attached to endoplasmic reticulum

30. Endoplasmic reticulum
Layered membraneous
Make and transport proteins

31. Vacuole Large organelle, without specific shape
Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins

32. Golgi Bodies Golgi apparatus Similar to endo. Ret.
Look like a thick elastic band that has been folded several times

33. Golgi Bodies
Adds modifications to unfinished proteins
Makes lysosomes

34. Lysosome
Small round
Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds
Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself

35. Mitochondria Energy factories Rod shaped
Change food into molecules that can be used for energy

36. Mitochondria
Contain DNA
Can replicate themselves

37. Chlorplast Found in plants and some other organisms
Contain chlorophyll

38. Cellular processes
Respiration
Osmosis
Diffusion
Photosynthesis

39. Respiration
Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy
Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms

40. Respiration
Breaking down of sugar into water, carbon dioxide, and energy
Energy is used to do the work of the cell

41. Osmosis & Diffusion
Transport of raw materials, wastes, and synthesized materials out of the cell

42. Diffusion
Movement of molecules, especially gases and liquids from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

43. Osmosis Specific type of diffusion
Movement of water through a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

44. Equilibrium
Diffusion and osmosis happen to enable a cell to reach equilibrium

45. Cellular reproduction
Three ways
Fission
Mitosis
Meiosis

46. Fission
Prokaryotes
Cell grows larger and makes a second copy of its DNA
At some point the cell membrane divides the cell by the growth of a transverse septum

47. Fission
Two new cells are formed as the division grows inward from either side of the cell
Two cells now called “daughter cells”
Sometimes known as “binary fission”

48. Mitosis Eukaryotes Requires 6 stages
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

49. Mitosis Creates cells that are identical to the original cell.
Have the entire compliment of chromosomes existing in pairs - diploid

50. Meiosis Division of sex cells
Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I

51. Meiosis
Meiosis II
Interphase II, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II

52. Meiosis Each cell receives one chromosome from each pair randomly
Resulting cells have half the normal number of Chromosomes - haploid