1. China Medical University
Basic concepts
in nursing science
Li Xiaohan
School of Nursing
China Medical University

2. Introduction
Human being
Environment
Health
Nursing

3. Introduction Definition of nursing science
Four basic concepts that affect and determine the nursing practice

4. Human being
Environment
Health
Nursing

5. Human being The human being is a uniform whole
Basic needs of human being
Growth and development of human being
Self-concept of human being

6. 1. The human being is a uniform whole
(1) Concept of a whole
(2) The uniform whole of human being 
(3) The human being is an open system
(4) The scope of human being in nursing

7. The uniform whole of human being
Physiological
Psychological
Social
Spiritual
Cultural

8. The human being is a open system
Closed system
Open system

9. Individual Family Community Society
The scope of human being in nursing
Individual
Family
Community
Society

10. To maintain the balance of organism
Basic goal of human being
To maintain the balance of organism
Balance among subsystems of organism
Balance between organism and its environment (internal and external environment)

11. 2. Basic needs of human being
（1）Definition of basic needs
（2）Types of basic needs
（3）Characteristics of basic needs
（4）Factors that affect meeting needs
（5）The theory related to basic needs

12. Basic needs of human being
(1) Definition of basic needs
Need
Basic needs of human being

13. (2) Types of basic needs Physiological needs Social needs
Affective needs
Cognitive needs
Spiritual needs

14. (3) Characteristics of basic needs
1）Approximately same basic needs
2）The importance of each need for each person is different
3）All the basic needs are interconnected and interactive

15. (4) Factors that affect meeting needs
Physiological factors
Emotional factors
Knowledge and intellect factors
Social factors

16. (4) Factors that affect meeting needs
Environmental factors
Individual factors
Cultural factors

17. (5) The theory related to basic needs
—Maslow’s hierarchy theory
of Basic needs for Human
Being

18. Maslow’s theory (a) Basic content (b) Basis for need’s hierarchy
(c) General rules
(d) Significance to nursing

19. Basic content Physiological needs Safety needs
Love and belongingness needs
Self-esteem needs
Needs for self-actualization

20. Sequence of need’s appearance
Basis for need’s hierarchy
Importance of needs
Sequence of need’s appearance

21. Significance to nursing
a) To identify client’s unmet needs
b) To realize and understand client’s words
and behaviors
c) To predict client’s unspoken needs

22. Significance to nursing
d) To collect client’s data comprehensively
e) To put client’s nursing problems in
adequate order

23. 3. Growth and development of human being
(1) Definition of growth and development
(2) Content of growth and development
(3) Basic principles of growth and development
(4) Factors that affect growth and development

24. Definition of growth and development
Maturation

25. in physiological aspect
Growth:
a increase on amount
in physiological aspect

26. Definition of development
A changing process in physical and psychological aspect along with age’s increase and interaction between individual and its environment.

27. Characteristics of development:
in order
predicted
persistent
as a result of learning and a symbol of maturation
holistic (physiological, psychological, social )

28. Maturation:
Narrow definition
Generalized definition

29. Narrow definition
the process of the growth in physiological aspect and the potential in developmental aspect were exerted fully

30. Generalized definition
a individual has not only obtained full development in physiological aspect, but also put up many mature behaviors.

31. Content of growth and development
Physiological
Cognitive
Social
Affective
Spiritual
Moral

32. growth and development
Basic principles of
growth and development
1) Persistent, in sequence, regular, predicted.
2) Common development process
3) Passing each developmental stage in
unique manner and speed.

33. 4) Character and definite developmental tasks in each developmental stage
5) Development in infant phase will affect the following basic attitude, temperament, life style and behaviors.
6) Development is obtained by gradual maturation and constant learning.

34. growth and development
Factors that affect
growth and development
Heredity
Environment

35. 4. Self-concept of human being
(1) Definition of self-concept
(2) Generation of self-concept
(3) Components of self-concept
(4) Importance of self-concept

36. Definition of self-concept
a person’s attitude towards to himself (herself )

37. Generation of self-concept
the combination of other’s opinion to a person and a person’s self-detection and self-cognition.

38. Components of self-concept
Body image
Role performance
Personal identity
Self-esteem

39. Importance of positive
self-concept
(a) Affecting one’s thoughts and behaviors
(b) Affecting one’s choices
(c) Affecting other’s attitude to oneself
(d) Affecting one’s ability of meeting an emergency when one is in the face of various changes

40. Environment 1.Definition of environment
2.Classification of environment
3.Relationship among environment, human being and health

41. Definition of environment
Roy’s definition of
environment
Henderson’s definition of environment

42. Roy’s definition of environment
the summation of all factors that surround and affect the behaviors and development of individual or collectivity.

43. Henderson’s definition of environment
a general name of all external factors that affect the life and development of organism.

44. Classification of environment
1. Internal environment
2. External environment

45. External environment Humanistic-social environment
Natural environment
Humanistic-social environment
Therapeutic environment

46. Natural environment
Physical environment
Biological environment

47. Humanistic-social environment
(a) the number of population
(b) cultural education
(c) interpersonal relationship
(d) scientific management
(e) medical care services system

48. Therapeutic environment
Definition
Function
Requirement

49. Definition
It is an environment that created by professionals aimed to fit the recovery of clients’ physiological and psychological health

50. Functions To influence clients’ feeling
(b) To influence the course and
degree of disease’s recovery.

51. Requirement (a) safety (b) comfort
a) to prevent the accident’s occurrence
b) to avoid the spread of microorganism
(b) comfort
a) good physical environment
b) good services and attitude

52. Relationship among environment, human being and health
(1) Human being and its environment
are interdependent and interacted
(2) Human being’s health is closely
linked with the environment

53. Health Concept of health Concept of disease
The relationship between health and illness

54. Concept of health (1) Definition of health (2) Model of health
(3) Factors that affect health

55. Definition of health 1) Absence of disease 2) Feel comfort
3) Well-balanced functional activities
4) Well-balanced physiological and psychological activities
5) WHO’s definition of health

56. WHO’s definition of health
WHO——The World Health Organization
“a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” (holistic view of health)

57. Model of health (1) Definition (2) Characteristics
——Health-illness continuum model
(1) Definition
(2) Characteristics
(3) Nurses’ responsibilities

58. Definition of health-illness continuum model
Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the opposite ends of a health continuum. From a high level of health a person’s condition can move through good health, normal health, poor health, and extremely poor health, eventually to death.

59. People move back and forth within this continuum day by day
People move back and forth within this continuum day by day. There is no distinct boundary across which people move from health to illness or from illness back to health. How people perceive themselves and how others see them in terms of health and illness will also affect their placement on the continuum.

60. Characteristics of health-illness continuum model
(a) At any time any person’ health status holds a place on certain point between two ends of health-illness continuum

61. (b) any point on the health-illness continuum is a synthetical representation of various (all) aspects of individual in physiology, psychology, and society.

62. Nurses’ responsibilities
(a) to help the clients to identify their place (location) on the health-illness continuum
(b) to assist the clients to adopt some measures (take actions) in order to reach a well state of health.

63. Factors that affect health
(1) Biological factors
(2) Environmental factors
(3) Life style
(4) Psychological factors

64. Biological factors 1）Pathogenic microorganism
2）Biologic-heredity factor
3）Other factors

65. Environmental factors
1) Natural environment:
2) Social environment:

66. Concept of disease Definition of disease Effect of disease
(3) Measures of preventing disease

67. Definition of disease 1) Ancient view of disease
2) Modern view of disease

68. Ancient view of disease
Ghosts and gods attach to the body
Unbalance between negative and positive

69. Modern view of disease
(a) A state that is treated by physician and falls short of the needs of human being
(b) Be discomfort, suffering and pain
(c) A loss and change of social behaviors, especially the loss and change of labor force

70. (e) The destroy of homeostasis of organism
(d) An abnormity of function, structure
and shape of organism
(e) The destroy of homeostasis of organism
(f) A reaction of the organism to harmful
factors

71. Effect of disease 1) The effect on individual 2) The effect on family
3) The effect on society

72. The effect on individual
1）Positive effect
2）Negative effect

73. The effect on family 1) Economic burden is increased
2) Family member’s psychological stress
is increased
3) The emotion change of family member

74. The effect on society 1) Social productivity is decreased
2) Medical resources are consumed or wasted
3) To infect others and threaten other’s
health

75. Measures of preventing disease
1) Primary prevention (etiological prevention)
2) Secondary prevention (pre-clinical prevention)
“Three early” : To discover early
To diagnose early
To treat early
3) Tertiary prevention (clinical prevention)

76. The relationship between health and illness
1）No distinct boundary；A relative relationship
2）Be dynamic changing
3）Be mutual transform under definite condition
4）Be exist at the same time on one individual

77. Nursing 1. Concept of nursing
2. Evolvement process of the concept of nursing
3. The relationship between nursing and health

78. Concept of nursing (1) Definition of nursing
(2) The content of concept of
nursing
(3) The connotation of concept
of nursing

79. Definition of nursing (b) Henderson’s definition of nursing
(a) Nightingale’s definition of nursing
(b) Henderson’s definition of nursing
(c) American Nurse Association’s definition
of nursing
(d) International Council of nurses’ definition

80. independent applying science that synthesizing natural
The content of concept
of nursing
(1) The nursing science is an
independent applying science
that synthesizing natural
and social sciences.

81. (2) Nursing is a profession that
helps human being and serves
for health of human being

82. (3) Nursing can assist individual
to meet the basic needs of
human being and enforce the
ability of self-care.

83. (4) The tasks of nursing are:
To promote health
To prevent disease
To help ill-person to healing
To assist the dying patient to pass
away with quietude, peace, and
dignity.

84. human being, including suffering person and healthy person.
(5) The client is a holistic
human being, including
suffering person and
healthy person.

85. (6) The working place is not
only in the hospital, but
also in family, community
and whole society.
Nursing is not only a
science, but also an art

86. (8) The nursing science attaches
importance to human being’s
living environment and the
interrelation between human
being and its environment.

87. (9) The nursing science is a
gradually perfect and
developing science.

88. The content of concept of nursing (1) Caring: lasting topic
(2) Humanism: humanistic perspective
(a) Respect individual
(b) Pay attention to the human nature
(c) Treat equally without discrimination
(3) The helping relationship

89. Evolvement process of the concept of nursing
Developmental stages of nursing
model
(2) The meaning and significance of
holistic nursing

90. Developmental stages of
nursing model
Stage 1: disease-centered stage
Stage 2: patient-centered stage
Stage 3: health-centered stage

91. The meaning and significance
of holistic nursing
The meaning of holistic nursing
Significance of holistic nursing

92. The meaning of holistic nursing
(a) Definition of holistic nursing
(b) Connotation of holistic nursing
    

93. Connotation of holistic nursing
(a) To meet client’s holistic needs (physiological, psychological, social, spiritual, cultural)

94. (b) To serve for the whole life
course of human being
(c) To serve for individual to
family, community and society

95. Significance of holistic nursing
To enrich and change the direction
and content of nursing research
(2) To widen the service areas of
nursing and changes the
traditional image of nurses

96. (3) To contribute to establish a new
type relationship between physician
and nurse, and relationship between
nurse and patient

97. (4) To propose a new type view of
nursing administration and
leadership
(5) To change the curriculum
design of nursing education

98. The relationship between
nursing and health
WHO(1978) : “……to help patient to resume to health , help healthy person to promote health.”

99. ICN: right and obligation of
nurses are:
(a) To maintain life
(b) To lighten suffering
(c) To promote health

100. To promote health To prevent disease To assist healing
Tasks of nursing:
To promote health
To prevent disease
To assist healing
To ease suffering