1. BIOSENSORS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Under the guidance of
Mr. Vivek sharma
Presented By
Pramoda Padhy
Roll no-(EI )
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Palur Hills,Berhampur ,Orissa,India

2. INTRODUCTION What Is a Biosensor?
Biosensor = bioreceptor + transducer.
The bioreceptor is a biomolecule that recognizes the target analyte whereas the transducer converts the recognition event into a measurable signal.
Enzyme is a Bioreceptor
Requirements for Sensors

3. Need for Biosensor
Diagnostic Market
The current climate of prevention the need for detection at increasingly lower limits is increasing in many diverse areas
Clinical Testing
clinical testing is one of the biggest diagnostic markets
clinical testing products market in excess of 4000 million US$ in the 1990s
Other Markets
The medical arena (Technical Insights Inc.) with veterinary and agricultural applications

4. Specificity Speed Simplicity Continuous monitoring capability
With biosensors, it is possible to measure specific analytes with great accuracy.
Speed
analyte tracers or catalytic products can be directly and instantaneously measured
Simplicity
receptor and transducer are integrated into one single sensor& the measurement of target analytes without using reagents is possible
Continuous monitoring capability
Biosensors regenerate and reuse the immobilized biological recognition element

5. Applications of Biosensor
Health Care
Measurement of Metabolites
Market Potential
Diabetes
Insulin Therapy
Artificial Pancreas
Industrial Process Control
Bioreactor Control
Military Application
Environmental Monitoring
Air and Water Monitoring

6. Bioreceptor Molecules
Enzymes
Enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions occurring in the cell
Antibody
Antibodies constitute about 20% of the total plasma protein and are collectively called immunoglobulin
Receptor Protein
Receptor proteins having specific affinity for hormones, antibodies, enzymes
Other Possibilities

7. Transducers Conventional Transducers Piezoelectric Transducers
Coniductimetry
Capacitance Measurement
Thermometry
Enzyme Thermistor
FET as a Transducer

8. Growth of Biosensor Biosensor Configurations Discriminative Membrane
Sensitivity Requirements
Immunoassay
DNA Probe
Evolution of Biosensors

9. Receptors Receptors at Membrane Hormone Receptors Smell Receptor
Biological receptors are protein molecules most of them are bound to the cell membrane
Hormone Receptors
Many hormones released into the blood do not penetrate the cell membrane but react with specific receptors at the cell surface
Smell Receptor
taste and olfactory receptors are typical examples of this biospecific recognition process
Light Receptor

10. Types of biosensor Glucose Biosensor Amperometric Biosensor
Glucose biosensor using glucose oxidase is used as an example
Potentiometer Biosensor
Examples of Potentiometric Biosensor
Penicillin biosensor
Glucose biosensor
Urea biosensor

11. Design Variables Immobilization Methods Change in Conformation
adsorption
(2) entrapment
(3) covalent coupling
(4) cross-linking
Change in Conformation
Change in Microenvironment
Non-Uniform Distribution
Reaction and Diffusion

12. Future Prospects Data Processing and Pattern Recognition
Micro Instrument
Molecular Electronics
Multi-Disciplinary Nature

13. CONCLUSION
Biosensors consist of bio-recognition systems, typically enzymes or binding proteins, such as antibodies, immobilized onto the surface of physico-chemical transducers
Disadvantages
They cannot be steam sterilized  
They react with the product  
And are oversensitive