1. Dr. Alvin Fox

2. Key Words Prokaryotic Outer membrane Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Periplasmic space
Archaebacteria
(Archaea)
Oxidative phosphorylation
Eukaryotic
Spheroplast/protoplast
Plasmid
Flagella
Chromosome
Chemotaxis
Ribosome
Axial filament
Peptidoglycan (murein, mucopeptide)
Periplasmic binding protein
Gram stain
Permeases
Gram negative
Storage Granules
Gram positive
Pili (fimbriae)
Cell envelope
Capsule (slime layer, glycocalyx)
Cell membrane
Endospore (spore)
Cell wall

3. EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTES
BACTERIA
ARCHAEA

4. Prokaryotes (Bacteria)
Eubacter "True" bacteria
human pathogens
clinical or environmental
one kingdom
Archaea
Environmental organisms
second kingdom

5. Eukaryotes
Other cell-based life e.g.
plants
animals
fungi

6. Prokaryotic Cell (versus Eukaryotic Cell)
Not compartmentalized
Cell membranes lack sterols (e.g. cholesterol)
Single circular chromosome
Ribosomes
- 70S
- subunits
30S (16S rRNA)
50S (5S & 23S rRNA)

7. Bacteria versus Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
peptidoglycan (murein)
muramic acid
Archaebacteria
pseudomurein
no muramic acid

8. Bacteria versus Archaebacteria
16S rRNA
sequence different

9. Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Gram + Gram - (e.g. animal) Flagellum
Nucleoid
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Nucleus
Gram -
Cell (inner) membrane
Outer membrane
Ribosomes
Granule
Cell wall
Capsule
Pili
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

10. Plasmids Bacteria Extra-chromosomal DNA multiple copy number coding
- pathogenesis factors
- antibiotic resistance factors
bacterial replication

11. The Cell Envelope
Gram Stain
Gram Positive
Gram Negative

12. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs at cell membrane
(since there are no mitochondria).
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
The cell wall is outside of cell membrane
rigid, protecting cell from osmotic lysis.

13. GRAM POSITIVE GRAM NEGATIVE
Lipoteichoic acid
Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
GRAM NEGATIVE
Lipopolysaccharide
Porin
Outer Membrane
Braun lipoprotein
Periplasmic space
Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane
Cytoplasm

14. Outer Membrane Gram negative bacteria major permeability barrier
space between inner and outer membrane
periplasmic space
store degradative enzymes
Gram positive bacteria
no periplasmic space

15. GRAM NEGATIVE CELL ENVELOPE
Outer Membrane
(Major permeability barrier)
Lipopolysaccharide
Porin
Braun lipoprotein
Periplasmic space
Degradative enzyme
Periplasmic binding protein
Permease
Inner (cytoplasmic) membrane
Cytoplasm

16. GRAM POSITIVE CELL ENVELOPE
Degradative enzyme
Peptidoglycan-teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid
Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm

17. FLAGELLA Some bacteria are motile Locomotory organelles- flagella
Taste environment
Respond to food/poison
chemotaxis

18. Flagella
embedded in cell membrane
project as strand
Flagellin (protein) subunits
move cell by propeller like action

19. Axial filaments spirochetes similar function to flagella
run lengthwise along cell
snake-like movement

20. Making Wall-less Forms
Result from action of:
enzymes lytic for cell wall
antibiotics inhibiting peptidoglycan biosynthesis
Usually non-viable
Wall-less bacteria that don’t replicate:
spheroplasts (with outer membrane)
protoplasts (no outer membrane).
Wall-less bacteria that replicate
L forms

21. Naturally Wall-less Genus
Mycoplasma

22. Pili (fimbriae) hair-like projections of the cell sexual conjugation
adhesion to host epithelium

23. Capsules and slime layers
outside cell envelope
well defined: capsule
not defined: slime layer or glycocalyx
usually polysaccharide
often lost during in vitro culture
protective in vivo

24. Endospores (spores) Dormant cell Produced when starved
Resistant to adverse conditions
- high temperatures
- organic solvents
contain calcium dipicolinate
Bacillus and Clostridium