1. THE CELL

2. YOU MUST KNOW…
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES COMMON TO PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS OR ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

3. CONCEPT 6.2
EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE INTERNAL MEMBRANES THAT COMPARTMENTALIZE THEIR FUNCTIONS

4. CHARACTERISTICS
PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
EUKARYOTIC
PLASMA MEMBRANE
YES
CYTOSOL WITH
ORGANELLES
RIBOSOMES
NUCLEUS NO
SIZE
1 UM-10UM
10 UM-100UM
INTERNAL MEMBRANE

5. CELLS PROKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN DOMAINS BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN DOMAINS PROTISTS, FUNGI, PLANTS, ANIMALS

6. PROKARYOTES
CHROMOSOMES ARE GROUPS TOGETHER IN A REGION CALLED THE NUCLEOID
NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES ARE FOUND IN THE CYTOSOL

7. EUKARYOTES A MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE CHROMOSOMES
MANY MEMBRANE-BOUNDED ORGANELLES
IN THE
CYTOPLASM

8. PLASMA MEMBRANE FORMS THE BOUNDARY FOR A CELL
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE AND PERMITS THE PASSAGE OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL
MADE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND ASSOCIATED CARBOHYDRATES

10. NUCLEUS CONTAINS MOST OF THE CELL’S DNA
DNA SERVES AS A TEMPLATE TO MAKE mRNA
CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL
SURROUNDED BY THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE, A DOUBLE MEMBRANE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE IS COUNTINUOUS WITH THE ROUGH E.R.

11. NUCLEUS
CONTAINS NUCLEAR PORES THAT CONTROL WHAT ENTERS OR LEAVES THE NUCLEUS
CHROMATIN IS THE COMPLEX OF DNA
NUCLEOLUS IS THE REGION WHERE rRNA COMPLEXES WITH PROTEINS TO FORM RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS

12. RIBOSOMES SITES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
CONSIST OF A LARGE AND SMALL SUBUNIT AND MAY BE FREE FLOATING IN THE CYTOSOL (FOR MAKING PROTEINS FOR USE WITHIN THE CELL) OR ATTACHED TO ROUGH E.R. (WHEN MAKING PROTEINS FOR EXPORT OR USE IN THE CELL MEMBRANES)

13. E.R.
NETWORK OF MEMBRANES AND SACS WHOSE INTERNAL AREA IS CALLED THE CISTERNAL SPACE
2 TYPES – SMOOTH AND ROUGH E.R.

14. SMOOTH E.R. 3 FUNCTIONS SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
DETOXIFICATION OF
DRUGS AND POISONS

15. ROUGH E.R.
THE PROTEINS MADE IN THE RIBOSOMES ON THE ROUGH E.R. TRAVEL ACROSS THE E.R. MEMBRANE AND IN TO THE CISTERNAL SPACE
PROTEINS ARE CONCENTRATED MORE BEFORE THEY ARE MOVED BY TRANSPORT VESICLE TO THE GOLGI APPARATUS FOR ADDITIONAL MODIFICATION

16. GOLGI APPARATUS PROTEINS ARE MODIFIED, STORED, AND SHIPPED
HAVE POLARITY – THE CIS FACE RECEIVES VESICLES, THE TRANS FACE SHIPS VESICLES

17. MITOCHONDRIA SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION ATP IS CREATED
ENCLOSED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE, THE
INNER MEMBRANE
HAS INFOLDS
CALLED CRISTAE

18. PEROXISOMES SINGLE MEMBRANE BOUND COMPARTMENTS
RESPONSIBLE FOR VARIOUS METABOLIC FUNCTIONS THAT INVOLVE THE TRANSFER OF HYDROGEN FROM COMPOUNDS TO OXYGEN, PRODUCING H2O2
BREAK DOWN F.A. TO BE SENT TO THE MITOCHONDRIA FOR FUEL AND DETOXIFY ALCOHOL BY TRANSFERRING HYDROGEN FROM THE POISON TO OXYGEN

19. CYTOSKELETON NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS
RESPONSIBLE FOR SUPPORT, MOTILITY, AND REGULATING SOME BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES
3 TYPES – MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

20. MICROTUBULES LARGEST OF THE FIBERS SHAPE AND SUPPORT THE CELL
TRACKS FOR ORGANELLES TO MOVE
SEPARATE CHROMOSOMES DURING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF CILIA AND FLAGELLA

21. MICROFILAMENTS MADE OF THE PROTEIN ACTIN
WHEN COUPLED WITH MYOSIN, IT CAUSES MOVEMENT
EX. AMEBOID MOVEMENT, MUSCLE
CONTRACTION

22. INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
MORE PERMANENT FIXTURES IN THE CELL
HELP MAINTAIN SHAPE OF THE CELL
VARY DEPENDING
ON LOCATION
AND FUNCTION

23. CENTROSOMES REGION NEAR THE NUCLEUS WHERE MICROTUBULES GROW
CONTAIN CENTRIOLES IN ANIMAL CELLS

24. CELL STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH ANIMAL CELLS ONLY

25. LYSOSOMES
SACS OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES THAT CAN DIGEST LARGE MOLECULES INCLUDING PROTEIN, POLYSACCHARIDES, FATS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
BREAK DOWN MACROMOLECULES TO ORGANIC MONOMERS THAT ARE RELEASED IN THE CYTOSOL AND RECYCLED BY THE CELL
WORK BEST IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT

26. CENTRIOLES
LOCATED WITHIN THE CENTROSOME WHERE THEY REPLICATE BEFORE CELL DIVISION

27. SPECIALIZED MICROTUBULES
FLAGELLA - COMMON IN UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
CILIA – SHORTER AND MORE NUMBEROUS, CAN BE USED IN LOCOMOTION OR MOVE OVER THE SURFACE OF THE TISSUE

28. COMMON ULTRASTRUCTURE
CONTAIN 9 PAIRS OF MICROTUBULES SURROUNDING A CENTRAL CORE OF 2 MICROTUBULES
ARRANGEMENT IS REFERRED TO AS THE
“9+2 PATTERN”

29. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX SITUATED JUST EXTERNAL TO PLASMA MEMBRANE
COMPOSED OF GLYCOPROTEINS SECRETED BY THE CELL (COLLAGEN)
STRENGTHENS TISSUES
SERVES AS A CONDUIT FOR TRANSMITTING EXTERNAL STIMULI INTO THE CELL, TURNING ON GENES, MODIFYING BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY

30. INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS
TIGHT JUNCTIONS – SECTIONS OF ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE WHERE 2 NEIGHBORING CELLS ARE FUSED SO MEMBRANES BECOME WATER-TIGHT
DESMOSOMES – FASTEN CELLS TOGETHER STRENGTHENING THEM
GAP JUNCTIONS – PROVIDE CHANNELS BETWEEN ADJACENT ANIMAL CELLS WHERE IONS, SUGARS, AND OTHER SMALL MOLECULES CAN PASS

31. STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT CELLS ONLY

32. CENTRAL VACUOLE STORES AND BREAKS DOWN SOME WASTE PRODUCTS
IT CAN TAKE UP AS MUCH AS 80% OF
THE CELL

33. CHLOROPLASTS
FOUND IN PLANT AND ALGAE CELLS
SITES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

34. CELL WALL PROTECTS THE PLANT AND HELPS MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE
PRIMARY COMPONENT
IS THE CARBOHYDRATE
CELLULOSE

35. PLASMODESMATA
CHANNELS THAT PERFORATE ADJACENT PLANT CELL WALLS AND ALLOW THE PASSAGE OF SOME MOLECULES FROM CELL TO CELL