1. Complex Cognitive Processes Chapter 8

2. Metacognition and learning strategies

3. Cognitive Processes
Lower-level processes
Higher-level processes

4. Metacognition
develops over time
Greater metacognitive awareness = more likely to use effective strategies, have high achievement

5. Effective Learning Strategies
Overt strategies
Covert strategies

6. Factors Affecting Strategy Use??

7. Diversity, Disabilities, & Exceptional Abilities
Cultural differences in students’ epistemic beliefs
definition & purpose of learning
role of effort
learning strategies
Students with disabilities may need explicit instruction, scaffolding

8. Knowledge Transfer Positive transfer Negative transfer
Specific transfer
General transfer

9. Factors Affecting Transfer
Meaningfulness of original learning
Similarity to original learning
Material
principles, theories more easily transferred than discrete facts
Relevance
context-free material more easily transferred than context-bound
Cultural environment, expectations

10. Problem Solving
Well-defined problems
Ill-defined problems

11. Problem-Solving Strategies
Algorithm
Heuristic

12. Factors Affecting Problem Solving
Working memory capacity
Encoding
Metacognitive processes

13. Creativity Two components new, original behavior productive result
Involves divergent thinking

14. Fostering Creativity Show students that creativity is valued
Focus on internal rewards
Promote mastery of subject area
Ask thought-provoking questions
Give students freedom, security to take risks
Provide time

15. Critical thinking

16. Critical Thinking
Evaluating accuracy, credibility, worth of information and lines of reasoning
verbal reasoning
argument analysis
probabilistic reasoning
hypothesis testing

17. Fostering Critical Thinking
Teach fewer topics, greater depth
Encourage intellectual skepticism
Model critical thinking
Provide opportunities to practice
Ask questions
Debate controversial issues
Help students understand that critical thinking involves considerable mental effort, but it’s worth it
Embed critical thinking skills in authentic activities

18. Diversity in complex thinking processes

19. Diverse populations Respect culture
multicultural background enhances critical thinking skills
Assist students who have special needs