1. RHETORIC 101

2. The rhetoric of today http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKyIw 9fs8T4 “Totally Like Whatever” by Taylor Mali

3. Rhetoric = The manipulation of language for an intended effect  Political Speeches  Love letters  Text messages  Memoirs  Literature  Poetry  Song lyrics  Lectures  Pamphlets  Comic Books  Protest signs  Bumper Stickers

4. Rhetorical question “How many times are you going to make the same mistake before you get it through your thick skull?!?”

5. ACTIVE vs. PASSIVE VOICE “Mistakes were made…” “Mistakes were made…”

6. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Metaphor, simile, personification, etc. Personification : Giving a non-human entity human characteristics. 2 Pac’s gun is personified into a girlfriend: “I'm waitin’ by the phone. This is true love; I could feel it/A lot of women in my bed but you the realest” –2 Pac “96 Bonnie and Clyde”

7. REPETITON/ANAPHORA Anaphora : Repeating a phrase at the beginning of each clause. Every little step I take, you will be there Every little step I make, we'll be together Every little step I take, you will be there Every little step I make, we'll be together Every little step I take, you will be there Every little step I make, we'll be together Every little step I take, you will be there Every little step I make, we'll be together –Bobby Brown “Every Little Step”

8. ANTIMETABOLE/CHIASMUS Antimetabole : Repetition of words in successive clauses but transposed in grammatical order “The rhythm is the bass and the bass is the treble” --Warren G Chiasmus : Transposed grammar only He knowingly led and we followed blindly “ (adverb/verb; verb/adverb)“He knowingly led and we followed blindly “ (adverb/verb; verb/adverb)

9. HYPERBOLE & UNDERSTATMENT

10. ETHOS, PATHOS, LOGOS Ethical, emotional, and logical arguments.

11. JUXTAPOSITION Definition: the placement of two things side by side.

12. ANTITHETICAL JUXTAPOSITION Antithesis : the exact opposite Antithesis : the exact opposite Antithetical Juxtaposition : polar opposites, side by side Antithetical Juxtaposition : polar opposites, side by side

13. IRONIC JUXTAPOSITION

14. ANALOGY

15. SYNTAX Which one sounds best? Why? Times like these sure try men’s souls. How trying it is (for men’s souls) in these times. These are trying times for the souls of men. Soul-wise, these are trying times. These are the times that try men’s souls!

16. SYNTAX & PUNCTUATION Consider the effect of the construction/punctuation: Consider the effect of the construction/punctuation: “On a foggy morning another of the Russians is buried; almost every day one of them dies” –All Quiet on the Western Front

17. SYNTAX/PUNCTUATION ANALYSIS TIPS Consider the cadence: the rhythm or balance. Consider the cadence: the rhythm or balance. Does it sound lyrical, flowery, ornate? Does it sound lyrical, flowery, ornate? Does it sound terse, choppy, or monotone? Does it sound terse, choppy, or monotone? Look for patterns Look for patterns Consider sentence length and type Consider sentence length and type Consider punctuation choice and placement Consider punctuation choice and placement Consider how all of these effects work in concert! Consider how all of these effects work in concert!

18. DON’T JUST IDENTIFY THE RHETORIC; ANALYZE IT!