1. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Chapter 8 Mathematical Equivalents Used in Pharmacology

2. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Chapter 8 Lesson 8.1

3. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Learning Objectives Compare the units used in the apothecaries', metric, and household measures systems Use the apothecaries' system to convert from one measure to another Use the metric system to convert from one measure to another

4. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Learning Objectives (cont.) State the values of common household measures and their equivalents Use common abbreviations and symbols to interpret and solve medication problems

5. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Overview Three systems of weight and measure: Household Apothecaries Metric

6. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Apothecaries System Grains: gr (solids) Minim: m (liquids); Box 8-1 (dram and ounce) Lowercase Roman numerals Common fractions

7. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Metric System Decimal system Meter: m (length) Liter: L (volume) Gram: g (weight) Box 8-2

8. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Metric System (cont.) Converting Arabic numerals and decimal fractions Move decimal place to the right or left Metric prefixes

9. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Metric and Apothecaries Equivalents Conversion – fractions Rounding Approximate Equivalents (Box 8-3) Rules for Converting Between Apothecaries and Metric System (Box 8-4)

10. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Household Measures Liquid measure Arabic numerals Common Household Measures (Box 8-5) Rough equivalents to metric and apothecaries systems Conversions Among Household, Apothecaries, and Metric Systems (Table 8-2, Box 8-6)

11. Elsevier items and derived items © 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Converting Temperature Readings Fahrenheit Celsius Formulas to convert