1. Plant Structure and Taxonomy
Travis DeLozier

2. Major Parts of Plants

3. Plant Varieties

4. Function of Root System
Intake of water and nutrients
Support
Often the largest part of the plant (Some roots go down 6,8, or even 10 feet deep)

5. Types of Root Systems
Taproot- The main root of a plant, it is heavy and thick and doesn’t have many side or lateral branches (Ex. Carrots, Sugar Beets)
Fibrous- Thin, hairlike, and numerous. Hold soil much better than taproots systems. (Ex. Grasses, Corn)

6. Types of Root Systems
Adventitious Roots- Roots that are above ground functioning as support and stabilization for the plant

7. Root Structure

8. Root Tissues
Root Cap- Protects the tender growing tip as the root penetrates the soil
Area of Cell Division- Very thin region. New cells multiply in two directions A. Frontwards- small and tougher cells that replace the cells of the root cap B. Backwards- Tender cells are produced and help the root tip grow longer

9. Root Tissues
Apical Meristem- Responsible for the elongation of the root
Area of Cell Elongation- Cells become longer and specialized.
Xylem- Responsible for carrying water and nutrients from the soil to the upper portion of the plant
Phloem- Carries manufactured food down form the leaves to other plant parts

10. Root Tissues
Area of Cell Maturation- where cells mature and root hairs emerge
Root Hairs- small microscopic roots that play a major role in water and nutrient absorbtion.

11. Stems- support the leaves, flower, and fruit

12. Types of Stems
Woody- Tough and winter hardy. Often have bark around them.
Herbaceous- Succulent, often green, and will not survive winter in colder climates

13. Modified Stems Bulbs- Shortened stems surrounded by scales ex. Onion
Corms- Thickened, compact, fleshy stems ex. Gladiola
Rhizomes- Thick stems that run below the ground ex. Johnson Grass
Tubers- Thickened, underground stems that store carbs ex. Irish Potato

14. Parts of Stems Some of the same internal parts as roots
Xylem and phloem continue to run the length of the stem and into all of the branches
Dicots- occur together in tissues called vascular bundles
Monocots- occur in separate areas

15. Parts of Stems
Node- swollen portion of stem where buds and leaves originate
Internode- area between the nodes
Lenticles- Pores on the stem that allow passage of gases in and out
Axillary Bud- buds along side the axis of the stem
Terminal Bud- located at the tip responsible for terminal growth

16. Leaves Manufactures food for the plant by using light energy
Phototropism- plant leaf is capable of adjusting its angle of exposure to the sun

17. Leaf Types Simple- A single leaf arising from a stem
Compound- Two or more leaflets arising from a common point on the stem

18. Leaf Arrangement

19. Leaf Shapes

20. Leaf Margins

21. Leaf Parts tip- the terminal point of the leaf.
blade-the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf.
margin- edge of a leaf.
midrib-the most prominent central vein in a leaf.
lateral veins-secondary veins in a leaf.
petiole-the leaf stalk (connects blade to stem).
stipules-leaf-like appendages (at the base of petiole of some leaves).

23. Internal Structure of a Leaf

24. Internal Structure of a Leaf
Cuticle-Topmost layer of leaf. Waxy and serves as a protective covering
Epidermis- protects the inner leaf
Palisade Mesophyll- a layer of elongated cells located under the upper epidermis. These cells contain most of the leaf's chlorophyll, converting sunlight into usable chemical energy for the plant.

25. Internal Structure of a Leaf
Spongy mesophyll - the layer below the palisade mesophyll; it has irregularly-shaped cells with many air spaces between the cells. These cells contain some chlorophyll.
Vein (vascular bundle) - Veins provide support for the leaf and transport both water and minerals (via xylem) and food energy (via phloem) through the leaf and on to the rest of the plant.

26. Internal Structure of a Leaf
Stoma - (plural stomata) a pore (or opening) in a leaf where water vapor and other gases leave and enter the plant.
Guard cell - one of a pair of sausage-shaped cells that surround a stoma causing it to open and close

27. Flower Parts

28. Flower Parts
Male part is the stamen which consists of the anther and filament
Female part is the pistil which consists of the stigma, style, ovary, and ovules

29. Male Flower Parts (Stamen)
Filament- thin, stem-like stalk, supporting anther
Anther- sac located at the tip of the filament that contains pollen.

30. Female Flower Parts (Pistil,Carpel)
Stigma- upper part of pistil where pollen is deposited
Style- stalk between stigma and ovary
Ovary- base of pistil which holds the ovules
Ovule- reproductive structure inside ovary

31. Flower Parts
Petal - colorful and often scented part of the flower that attracts insects. Collectively called the corolla
Sepal- part of which encloses the bud before it opens. Collectively called the caylx

32. Stamen Carpel Anther Filament Stigma Style Petal Ovary Ovule Sepal
Receptacle
Sepal
all stamens = androecium
all carpels = gynoecium
all petals = corolla
all sepals = calyx
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33. Flowers
Perfect Flower- Contains the stamen, pistil, petals, and sepals
Imperfect Flower- Missing any of the parts listed above

34. Fruits and Vegetables Pollination- Union of the pollen with the stigma
Upon fertilization the seed ripens in the ovary. The pistil enlarges and becomes the fruit. The true fruit is actually the seed itself.
The fruit is a ripened ovary, not a vegetable. Ex. Tomato is a fruit because it is a product of a ripened ovary
Vegetables can be any part of the plant grown for edible parts. May be the root, stem, leaf, or ripened flower.
Another type of fruit is the nut. Ex. walnut

35. Plant Taxonomy
Taxonomy- the science, laws, and principles of classification. Plants are given Latin names
Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed the present system in 1753
Brassica oleracea var. italica L. Broccoli
Daucas carota L. Carrot
Ipomea batatus L. Sweet Potato