1. Nuclear Size Quite old!!! Not exactly for Au!!!
Alpha particle (+2e)
Gold nucleus (+79e) d
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

2. Nuclear Size Closest approach “d”. E = ECoulomb  d = 2kZe2/E
What about the recoil nucleus?
HW 7 Show that
where mN : mass of the nucleus
m : mass of alpha
What are the values of d for 10, 20, 30 and 40 MeV  on Au?
How does this explain … ?
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

3. Nuclear Shape
Crude Nucleons in the nucleus are confined to an approximately spherically symmetric structure  Nuclear radius.
Deformations…! Consequences….!!
Is there a sharp spherical wall…???!!!
HW 8
if it is assumed that the charge is uniformly spherically distributed in a nucleus, show that the electric potential energy of a proton is given by:
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

4. Nuclear Binding Energy
Btot(A,Z) = [ ZmH + Nmn - m(A,Z) ] c Bm
Bave(A,Z) = Btot(A,Z) / A HW 9 Krane 3.9
Atomic masses from: HW 10 Krane 3.12
Separation Energy
Neutron separation energy: (BE of last neutron)
Sn = [ m(A-1,Z) + mn – m(A,Z) ] c2
= Btot(A,Z) - Btot(A-1,Z)  HW 11 Prove that
HW 12 Similarly, find Sp and S.
HW 13 Krane 3.13 HW 14 Krane 3.14
Magic
numbers
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

5. Nuclear Binding Energy
Magic
numbers
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

6. Nuclear Binding Energy
In general
X  Y + a
Sa(X) = (ma + mY –mX) c2
= BX –BY –Ba
The energy needed to remove a nucleon from a nucleus ~ 8 MeV  average binding energy per nucleon (Exceptions???).
Mass spectroscopy  B.
Nuclear reactions  S.
Nuclear reactions  Q-value
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

7. Nuclear Binding Energy
Surface effect
Coulomb effect
~200 MeV
 Fission
HWc 4
Think of a computer program to reproduce this graph.
Fusion 
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

8. Nuclear Binding Energy
HW 15
A typical research reactor has power on the order of 10 MW.
Estimate the number of 235U fission events that occur in the reactor per second.
b) Estimate the fuel-burning rate in g/s.
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

9. Nuclear Binding Energy
Is the nucleon bounded equally to every
other nucleon?
C ≡ this presumed binding energy.
Btot = C(A-1)  A  ½
Bave = ½ C(A-1) Linear ??!!! Directly proportional ??!!! Clearly wrong … !  wrong assumption
 finite range of strong force,
and force saturation.
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

10. Nuclear Binding Energy
Lead isotopes Z = 82
For constant Z
Sn (even N) > Sn (odd N)
For constant N
Sp (even Z) > Sp (odd Z)
Remember HW 14 (Krane 3.14).
208Pb (doubly magic)  can then easily remove the “extra” neutron in 209Pb.
208Pb
Neutron Separation Energy Sn (MeV)
Neutron Number N
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

11. Nuclear Binding Energy
Extra Binding between pairs of “identical” nucleons in the same state (Pauli … !)  Stability (e.g. -particle, N=2, Z=2).
Sn (A, Z, even N) – Sn (A-1, Z, N-1)
This is the neutron pairing energy.
even-even more stable than even-odd or odd-even and these are more tightly bound than odd-odd nuclei.
Symmetry?
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

12. Abundance Systematics
Odd N
Even N
Total
Odd Z
Even Z
HWc 1\
Compare:
even Z to odd Z.
even N to odd N.
even A to odd A.
even-even to even-odd to odd-even to odd-odd.
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

13. Neutron Excess Asymmetry Remember HWc 1. Odd A Even A Z = N
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

14. Neutron Excess Asymmetry Remember HWc 1.
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, Second Semester, (Saed Dababneh).