1. Organic Macromolecules
Don’t be scared
Testosterone
Adenosine Triphosphate

2. Organic Macromolecules
Overview
Organic Macromolecules
Biopolymers
Quiz A
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Primary
Structures
Quiz C
Quiz B
Monosaccharides
Secondary
Structures
Tertiary
Structures
Dissacharides
Polysaccharides

3. Quiz A- Basic Organic Chem. Principles
How many bonds do the following atoms form in a covalent compound?
a) O
b) C
c) S
d) N
e) H
f) P
2. Write down the formula of the functional group in each of the following compounds.
a) amine
b) amide
c) alcohol
d) carboxylic acid
e) ketone
f) aldehyde
g) ester
3. Give the name for each of the following molecules.
a) CHCH e)
b) CH3CH2OH f)
c) C2H6 g) d)

4. Quiz A- Basic Organic Chem. Principles
Which of the following molecules might be unsaturated and which are definitely
unsaturated?
a) C3H8
b) C4H8
c) C3H4
d) CH3CHCHCH3
5 a) Name the following molecules.
i) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
ii) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
iii) CH3CH2OH
b) Identify the 2 types of intermolecular bonding present in each of the above molecules.
c) Which of the three molecules do you expect to have the highest boiling point
temperature? Explain your answer.

5. Quiz A- Basic Organic Chem. Principles
6. Which type of reactions do you expect the following molecules to undergo?
a) CH2CH2
b) CHCH
c) CH3CH2CH – CH3 Cl
7. Classify the type of reaction occurring in each of the following cases. a) b) c)
8. Write down all the possible isomers for the compounds which have the following
formulae.
a) C3H8O
a) C4H8

6. Quiz A- Basic Organic Chem. Principles
9. Identify the functional groups present in the following molecule.

7. Proteins Base Acid Most structurally complex organic macromolecules.
The building blocks of proteins are amino – acids.
Base
Acid
= side chain
20 amino acids in all
12 the body can synthesize termed non-essential amino acids.
8 that we obtain from our diet termed essential amino acids.

8. Proteins Non – essential amino acids L–Alanine L–Asparagine
L–Aspartic Acid
L–Cysteine
L–Glutamic Acid
L–Glutamine
Glycine
L–Proline
L–Serine
L–Tyrosine
L–Arginine
L–Histidine

9. Proteins Essential amino acids(must be in the diet) L–Isoleucine
L–Leucine
L–Lysine
L–Methoinine
L–Phenylalanine
L–Threonine
L–Tryptophan
L–Valine

10. Proteins
L–Alanine
Glycine
L–Serine

11. - + Proteins – Zwitter Ions
All amino acids have the ability to form their corresponding ionic forms as follows. H N C O R H - N C O H R H N C O R +

12. Proteins Peptide Bond N C O R N C O R N C O R O N C R O Dehydration H

13. Ala • Ser • Gly Primary structure of Proteins Reactive ends
Peptide Bonds
Ala
• Ser
• Gly

14. ………… ………… Try • Lys • Ala • Ser • Gly • Val • Pro
Primary structure of Proteins
Try •
Lys •
Ala
• Ser
• Gly
• Val
• Pro
…………
…………
Polypeptide (Protein) : 50 – 2000 amino acids

15. Primary/Tertiary structure of Proteins
L–Cysteine
L–Alanine

16. Secondary structures - -helix
Clockwise O H
3.6 Amino acids per turn of the helix

17. - + Secondary Structures - Zwitter ion formation Lys Asp
Some amino acids have extra reactive groups
e.g. Carboxylic acid (COOH) – glutamic acid
– aspartic acid
Amine (NH2) – lysine
Lys + - + +
Ionic bond + - + - - - H
Asp

18. Secondary structures - -sheets
Top view
Secondary structures - -sheets
Hydrogen bonding
Side view

19. Tertiary structures - sheets - helix Has a 3D structure.
Contains a combination of secondary structures
& primary structures.
Structure determined by side – chains.

20. Cys • Lys • Tyr Quiz B- Proteins
1. Which of the amino-acids have a hydrophobic side-chain?
2. Which of the amino-acids have an acidic side-chain?
3. Which of the amino-acids have an basic side-chain?
4. Which amino acids have a side chain which can become involved in protein
hydrogen bonding?
5. Draw the zwitter – ion structure of the amino-acids glycine and serine.
Draw the chemical structure of the tripeptide formed from the following sequence
of amino-acids.
• Lys
• Tyr
Cys
Highlight the acidic end of the molecule and the basic end of the molecule.

21. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
Can be split into two groups : Aldoses & Ketoses.
‘ oses ’  “CH2O”
‘ Ald ’  Aldehyde
‘ Ket ’  Ketone
‘ C6H12O6’
Aldoses e.g. Glucose
Ketoses e.g. Fructose
Both Glucose & Fructose are Hex - ‘oses’.
Sugars can be 3 to 7 carbons long.

22. Carbohydrates In aqueous solution sugars form rings e.g. glucose. 1 26 3 5 4 4 1 5 2 3 6

23. Carbohydrates Sugars polymerize via glycosidic  1–4 linkages. C O 1 23 4 5 C O H 1 2 3 4 5 C O H 1 2 3 4 5 H O
Glycosidic
linkage
2C6H12O6  C12H22O11 + H2O
Dehydration

24. Carbohydrates       glucose + glucose maltose glucose + fructose
sucrose  
polysaccharide
monosaccharide
disaccharide  
e.g. Glucose
Maltose
Starch (100s s of units)

25. Carbohydrates
The resulting polysaccharide of  1–4 linakges of glucose is starch (storage
polysaccharide in plants).
Amylose
Unbranched starch
 1–4 linkages
Starch
Amylopectin
Branched Starch 6
1–4 linkages &
1–6 linkages
Branched  1–6 linkages occur every 30 linkages

26. Carbohydrates Sugars polymerize via glycosidic  1–4 linkages as well.2 3 4 5 C O H 1 2 3 4 5 C O H 1 2 3 4 5 H O
1–4
Glycosidic
linkage
The resulting polysaccharide is cellulose (structural polysaccharide in plants).

27. Quiz C- Macromolecules
The most abundant (by mass) class of organic macromolecules in the biological
world is :
A Carbohydrates
B Proteins
C Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
D Lipids
D – ribose is a pentose. It can also be classified as an aldose. Write down a possible
structure for D – ribose.
The monosaccharide threose has 4 Os ! That is it has 4 oxygen atoms.
What is the molar mass of threose?

28. Quiz C- Macromolecules
A comprehension exercise
4. When one draws the structure of D – glucose there are 2 ways to do it :
either a Fischer projection or a Haworth projection. 1 2 3 4 5 6
The Fischer projection shows glucose as a linear
molecule and the numbering of the carbon atoms is shown
on the structure. When it cyclizes it is the oxygen atom
on carbon 5 which ends up in the ring. 1 2 3 4 5 6
This ring structure is called the Haworth projection and
at equilibrium between the two forms the linear form is
only 0.02% of the total glucose present.

29. Quiz C- Macromolecules
The Haworth projection has the atoms on the RHS of the Fischer projection ‘down’
i.e. below the ring in the Haworth projection, and those on the LHS of the Fischer
projection are up (above the ring). The –OH group on carbon 1 (the so called
anomeric carbon) can either be up or down, (), or up, (). The  form is about
twice as common as the  form.
Draw the Haworth projection of the  form of D – idose, given the Fischer projection
below.
b) Draw the Fischer projection of D – galactose given the Haworth projection below.
- D - galactose