1. Edward chose John Balliol
The Award of Berwick
17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision
Edward chose John Balliol
This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol

2. The Reaction of the Bruce‘s
The Bruce family were:
Angry
Would not accept Balliol as King
Determined to continue their claim
Robert Bruce of Annandale
‘The Competitor’
Robert Bruce
Earl of Carrick
Bruce ‘the competitor’ handed over his claim to his son Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick
Robert Bruce
(later to become Robert I - Robert the Bruce)
The Earl of Carrick also had a son Robert Bruce who was eager for the family to succeed

3. John Balliol’s coronation
Took place at Scone
St Andrews Day (30 Nov 1292)
Balliol sat on the Stone of Destiny
List of Balliol’s ancestors was read out

4. 2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I
26 Dec 1292
2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I
During the ceremony Balliol:
Knelt in front of Edward I
Promised to obey Edward
Accepted Edward as his overlord
Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely

5. Collect a worksheet from your teacher
My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England.
Group Work – source Questions – 10/15mins to answer questions
Balliol was to become a puppet King
Collect a worksheet from your teacher

6. The Reign of King John Balliol

7. King John Balliol – A bad King?
Chosen because Edward 1st saw him as weak & Easy to manipulate
He had the better legal claim to the throne
His subsequent performance had little to do with the reason why he became king?
5mins to answer question
Explain in detail why John had the better legal claim

8. Edwards Interference
Edward demanded all claimants accepted him as overlord of Scotland
The agreement is known as the “Award of Norham”
12th June 1291 – all had signed the agreement
5mins to answer questions
Explain why the “Award of Norham” was so important (p15 of textbook)
What did the Scots think would happen when the new King was crowned?

9. Collect a worksheet from your teacher
Johns Problems
Many powerful nobles who thought that John had been the wrong choice
Inexperienced as a politician
The administration system needed a strong hand to make sure Royal authority was recognised
Group work – source questions – 10/15mins
Collect a worksheet from your teacher

10. Issues with Edward A burgess of Berwick The Macduff Case
Edward reminded John to be a fair & Just King or he would face interference from Edward
A burgess of Berwick
The Macduff Case
Using the textbook:
Give a description of the above cases that were taken to Edward’s court

11. It was the Prospect of war that caused Rebellion
War With France
It was the Prospect of war that caused Rebellion
Edward demanded all his feudal lords to send knights/soldiers to fight in France
The assumption that Scotland was just another big estate of England was bad enough
But the assumption that the scots were to fight against the French their biggest trading partner was worse
Added to this was Edwards demands for taxes from the Scottish nobility to pay for the war

12. Rebellion
1295
24th Feb 1296
12 Guardians were appointed by the Community of the Realm to defy Edward
They sent envoys to the King of France
A treaty against Edward was signed
It included a marriage deal:
Edward Balliol should marry the eldest daughter of Charles, Count of Valois & Anjou (Brother of French King)
It is more likely that the new king had at last found supporters he needed to stand up to Edward
Did the Scottish nobles get fed up with the humiliating reign of King John?

13. Edwards Invasion of Scotland
A direct response to the refusal of the Scots to assemble for military duty
Scottish Nobles began assembling their forces at Berwick
10,000 men
Most were levies
There was a solid fighting core of nobles and their trained retainers
Army's Confidence was High
It was confidence based on nothing, in fact the scots had very little real experience
There is evidence that Edward was already planning the invasion

14. “none within the town shall be spared”
“Corpses were dumped in huge numbers in the sea.”
(Modern Historian)
Source B:
“A great quantity of booty was seized and no fewer than 15,000 of both sexes perished, some by sword, others by fire in the space of a day and a half, and the survivors, including even the little children were sent into permanent exile
(Chronicle of Lanercost)
Siege of Berwick
“Even a woman giving birth was hacked to pieces during her labour.” (Modern Historian)
12th March 1296
Scotland
England
Source A:
“When the city was taken they killed more than 8,000 of the enemy. The women of the city were sent away to their people after some days and went in peace”
(Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough)
Strength
About 10,000 infantry
500 cavalry
About 30,000 infantry
5,000 cavalry
Leaders
Using textbook pages 23 & 24
Sir William Douglas
Robert de Clifford
Losses
10,000 Civilians & Soldiers
Light
“none within the town shall be spared”
How Useful is Source A when investigating the Siege of Berwick

15. Battle of Dunbar 27th April 1296
The Earl of Dunbar had made peace with Edward at Berwick and had handed over the keys of the castle, but his wife was a Comyn and she handed the Castle over to the scots when her husband was away
Scotland
England
Strength
40,000
12,000
Leaders
John Balliol
John de Warenne
Losses
1+ killed c.130 prisoners
None known

16. Edwards March North By July Edward had reached Elgin
10th July 1296 – John forced to apologise publically & the royal badge was ripped symbolically from his surcoat. It was made clear to all that John was no longer King
John Fled to Montrose but surrendered on 2nd July 1296
Scone
Montrose
Dunbar
Stirling
Stirling Castle was abandoned by defenders
Berwick

17. Activity
Why was Scotland defeated so easily in 1296?
Include: Battles, Sieges march north, failure of leadership, loss of morale
What Happened to King John following his surrender?
Surrender ceremony, house arrest & where he died
Answer in full sentences and in as much detail as you can, these answers will be used as part of your notes and for revision

18. His tabard is torn and his Sceptre broken
The Ragman’s Roll
Everything that showed Scotland as a separate nation was taken down to England
On 28 August, 1296, Edward held a "parliament" at Berwick.
All the prominent Scottish landowners, churchmen and burgesses were summoned to swear allegiance to Edward and sign the parchments and affix their seals
His tabard is torn and his Sceptre broken

19. “Toom Tabard” – is this really John Balliol’s legacy
New
Traditional
Clearly had problems, but even In his short reign he managed to summon annual parliaments
He appointed his own Justicars, 3 new sheriffs and he silenced the Bruce faction and kept the powerful Comyns Happy
Activity 1 on page 30 of textbook
From 1309 onwards the general trend has been to blame John for his failure to stand up to Edward
He was held in such poor esteem that no Scottish king would ever bear the name John
It is clear he was not a strong king, but could any other king have managed any better?