1. Flower morphology

2. “Complete” FLOWER
Carpel

3. Complete flower (hermaphrodite)
Flower diagram
Calyx (K)
Corolla (C)
Androecium (A)
Gynoecium (G)

4. Bracts
Definition --In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf.
Example:
Euphorbia pulcherrima

5. Flowers without a calyx and corolla differentiated
Perianth elements in this case are called tepals
Petaloid tepals
Sepaloid tepals

6. The calyx (K): Totality of sepals in the flower.
Calyx with connate (united) sepals:
Fabaceae flower
Calyx lobes
Calyx tube
Gamosepalous
Silene spp.

7. Aposepalous Calyx with free sepals Stellaria media -chickweed
Rosa spp.
Aposepalous
Oenothera spp.

8. در برخی گیاهان با شکفته شدن گل کاسبرگ ها می افتد: خشخاش و شاه تره

9. عروسک پشت پرده
Physalis

11. مهمیز

13. The corolla (C): Totality of petals in the flower
Corolla with free petals
Papaver spp.
Ranunculus spp.
Polypetalous or Apopetalous

14. Sympetalous or Gamopetalous
Corolla with connate (united) petals
Corolla tube
Corolla lobes
Digitalis spp.
Campanula spp.
Sympetalous or Gamopetalous

15. Types of corolla with connate petals
Bell-shaped
Campanula spp
Funnelform
Petunia spp.
Salveform
Syringa vulgaris
Ligulate Helinthus spp.
Tubular Helianthus spp.

16. Types of corolla with connate petals (continuation)
Rotate – Solanum spp.
bilabiate Lamium spp.
Urceolate
Vaccinium spp.

17. Types of corolla with free petals
Papillonaceaous – Fabaceae (legume family)

18. Stamens

19. Stamen Arrangements Magnolias have dozens of stamens
Some have free stamens and others are fused at filaments

20. ماگنولیا Some flowering plants are neither monocots or dicots.
Magnolia

22. Orchids

25. Stamens continue
In some specialized flowers the stamens are fused together.
Form columnar structure i.e pea, melon and mallow fig 20-8d and sunflower 20-9d
Some stamens fused with corolla i.e. snapdragon, phlox, and mint families.

27. Androecium (A): Totality of stamens in the flower [♂]
Tetradynamous
Cabbage family
Brassicaceae
Didynamous
Mint family (Lamiaceae)
“normal”

28. Diadelphous: many Fabaceae
Monadelphous Malvaceae

29. Polyadelphous چند دسته پرچمی
Diadelphous دو دسته پرچمی
Monadelphous
یک دسته پرچمی
Syngenesious
پیوسته بساک

31. Flower Anatomy

32. Double Fertilization
Fertilization requires that pollen grains from anther to receptive stigma of a pistil
Embryo sac forms with a stalk and 1 or 2 integuments that develop into seed coat
Pollen reaches stigma and germinates to make pollen tube down style into the ovary
pollen that forms the pollen tube is the tube cell
2nd cell in pollen grain is the generative cell as it divides and makes 2 sperm – move to a small opening in ovule called micropyle

33. The female parts of a flower
The female part of the flower is made up of three main sections, the stigma, style and ovary. The receptive stigma serves as the “landing pad” for the male pollen. The style holds up the stigma and the ovary is the “house” for fertilisation and the seed. Together they are known as the Carpel
Stigma
Style
Carpel
Ovary

37. Apocarpous versus syncarpous gynoecium
جدا برچه
پیوسته برچه

38. تخمدان چندخانه ای Polylocular Apocarpus [with free carpels] carpels
Syncarpous
[with connate carpels]
تخمدان چندخانه ای
Polylocular

39. تخمدان یک خانه ای
تخمدان چندخانه ای
Polylocular

40. Gynoecium (G): totality of carpels in the flower [♀]
Depending on the position of the ovary in relation to the calyx and corolla:
hypanthium
گل زبرین
Epigynous
گل میانی
Perigynous
گل زیرین
Hypogynous
Inferior ovary
superior ovary

41. Ovary position
inferior
hypanthium
superior

42. Male (staminate) & Female (pistillate) flowers (incomplete)
Staminate (male) flowers (cucumber)
Pistillate (female) flowers (cucumber)

43. Types of plants with unisexual flowers
Dioecious: male and female flowers are separated on different individuals; e.g. Cannabis spp.
Monoecious: male and female flowers are found on the same individual; e.g. Pinus spp.

44. Flower symmetry
Zygomorphic .|.
(bilateral)
Actinomorphic (radial) *

45. Define the symmetry of these flowers*
Convolvulus spp.
.|.
Lamium spp

46. Variation in Basic Parts
Some flowers lack sepals, petals, stamens or pistils
Grasses have 3 stamens, 1 functional carpel (may have 2 non-functioning ones), no petals or sepals
Others have either stamens or carpels but not both

47. Floral Diagram Symbols I

48. Floral Diagram Symbols II

49. Sample floral diagrams

50. General Flower-terms
Peduncle: The stalk of a flower. Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached. Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose the flower. Totality of sepals in a flower constitute the calyx. Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored. The totality of petals in a flower constitute the corolla.
Perianth = calyx + corolla
When the Sepals & Petals are identical, they are both called Tepals
Androecium (male part): the totality of stamens in a flower. A stamen is formed from anther, which is supported by a slender filament. Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced. Gynoecium (female part): totality of carpels in a flower. A carpel is formed from: ovary, style and stigma. The term Pistil has been used in the past to describe the gynoecium and this can cause some confusion in terminology
Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the carpels where ovules are produced.
Stile: the part supporting the stigma.
Stigma: The part where where pollen germinates. Monoecious: Male and female flowers on the same individual.
Dioecious: Male and female flowers are separated on different individuals, which are therefore, male and female.

51. ALL botanical terms can be found online at:
Symmetry terms
Actinomorphic. Radially symmetric; divisible into two essentially equal portions along any median longitudinal plane.
Zygomorphic: Bilaterally symmetric; divisible into two essentially equal portions along only one median longitudinal plane.
Reminder Note:
ALL botanical terms can be found online at:

53. Monocot – Dicot: Comparisons

54. Types of Inflorescence
Spike:
Has an elongated inflorescence on the main stem.
Ex: liatris, gladiolus

55. Types of Inflorescence
Raceme:
Similar to a spike except florets aren’t directly attached to the stem
Ex: delphinium

56. Types of Inflorescence
Corymb:
Has a flat top or slightly convex shape
Has main stem with pedicels of unequal length
Ex: yarrow

57. Types of Inflorescence
Cyme:
Broad and flat topped
Has divisions that arise below a terminal flower
Ex: Bird of Paradise

58. Types of Inflorescence
Umbel:
Flower cluster that is easily recognized
Simple umbel has single pedicelled flowers all arising from the top of the main stem. Ex: agapanthus
Compound umbel has secondary umbels arising from main stem. Ex: Queen Anne’s Lace

59. Types of Inflorescence
Head Flower:
Short, dense cluster of flowers in a flat pattern
Ex: sunflowers

60. Life Cycle Sperm is made in the pollen grain in the anther
Egg made in embryo sac in the ovule
Pollen grain and egg are gametophytes of flowering plants
Zygote grows in ovule becomes first cell of new organism