1. mankiw's macroeconomics modules
A PowerPointTutorial
to Accompany macroeconomics, 5th ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw
Mannig J. Simidian
CHAPTER EIGHT
Economic Growth II

2. Technological Progress in the Solow Model

3. Adding the Efficiency of Labor "E"
The Production Function is now written as:
Y = F (K, L  E)
The term L  E measures the number of effective workers.
This takes into account the number of workers L and the efficiency of each worker E. Increases in E are like increases in L.

4. Labor-Augmenting Technological Progress
Technological progress causes E to grow at the rate g, and L grows at rate n so the number of effective workers L  E is growing at rate n + g.
Now, the change in the capital stock per worker is:
Dk = i –(d+n +g)k, where i is equal to s f(k) sf
(k)
(d + n + g)k
The Steady State
Note: k = K/LE and y=Y/(L  E).
So, y=f(k) is now different.
Also, when the g term is added,
gk is needed to provided capital
to new “effective workers”
created by technological progress.
Investment, sf
(k) k*
Capital
per worker, k

5. Labor-augmenting technological progress at rate g affects the Solow
growth model in much the same way as did population growth at rate
n. Now that k is defined as the amount of capital per effective worker,
increases in the number of effective workers because of technological
progress tend to decrease k. In the steady state, investment sf(k)
exactly offsets the reductions in k because of depreciation, population
growth, and technological progress.

6. The Effects of Technological Progress
Capital per effective worker is constant in the steady state. y = f(k) output per effective worker is also constant. But the efficiency of each actual worker is growing at rate g. So, output per worker, (Y/L = y  E) also grows at rate g. Total output Y = y  (E  L) grows at rate n + g.
Only technological progress can
explain long run increases in living standards.

7. The introduction of technological progress also modifies the criterion for the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule level of capital is now defined as the steady state that maximizes consumption per effective worker. So, we can show that steady-state consumption per effective worker is:
c*= f (k*) - (d + n + g) k*
Steady-state consumption is maximized if MPK = d + n + g,
rearranging, MPK - d = n + g.
That is, at the Golden Rule level of capital, the net marginal product of capital, MPK - d, equals the rate of growth of total output, n + g. Because actual economies experience both population growth and technological progress, we must use this criterion to evaluate whether they have more or less capital than at the Golden Rule steady state.

8. From Growth Theory to Growth Empirics

9. poor countries should grow faster on average than rich countries.
Convergence Hypothesis
An important prediction of the neoclassical model is this:
Among countries that have the same steady state,
the convergence hypothesis should hold:
poor countries should grow faster on
average than rich countries.

10. Beyond the Solow Model: Endogenous Growth Theory
The Endogenous Growth Theory rejects
Solow’s basic assumption of exogenous technological change.

11. The Basic Model
Start with a simple production function: Y = AK, where Y is output,
K is the capital stock, and A is a constant measuring the amount of
output produced for each unit of capital (noticing this production
function does not have diminishing returns to capital). One extra unit
of capital produces A extra units of output regardless of how much
capital there is. This absence of diminishing returns to capital is
the key difference between this endogenous growth model and the
Solow model.
Let’s describe capital accumulation with an equation similar to those
we’ve been using: DK = sY - dK. This equation states that the change
in the capital stock (DK) equals investment (sY) minus depreciation
(dK). We combine this equation with the production function, do
some rearranging, and we get: DY/Y = DK/K = sA - d

12. DY/Y = DK/K = sA - d
This equation shows what determines the growth rate of output DY/Y.
Notice that as long as sA > d, the economy’s income grows forever,
even without the assumption of exogenous technological progress.
In the Solow model, saving leads to growth temporarily, but diminishing
returns to capital eventually force the economy to approach a steady
state in which growth depends only on exogenous technological progress.
By contrast, in this endogenous growth model, saving and investment can
lead to persistent growth.

13. Key Concepts of Ch. 8 Efficiency of labor
Labor-augmenting technological progress
Endogenous growth theory