1. Chapter 6 Trade-Off Between Risk & Return
Risk, Return, and the CAPM

2. Today’s Chapter 6 & 7 Topics
Historical Trade-Off between Risk and Return
Historical Risk Premiums
Calculation of Historical Return and Risk
Portfolio Return and Risk
Calculation of Probabilistic Expected Return & Risk
Risk Diversification
Unsystematic & Systematic Risk

3. Risk and Return
Valuing risky assets - a task fundamental to financial management
Three-step procedure for valuing a risky asset
1. Determine the asset’s expected cash flows
2. Choose discount rate that reflects asset’s risk
3. Calculate present value (PV cash inflows - PV outflows)
The three-step procedure is called
discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis.

4. Quick Review: Financial Return
Total return: the total gain or loss experienced on an investment over a given period of time
Components of the total return
Income stream from the investment
Capital gain or loss due to changes in asset prices
Total return can be expressed either in dollar terms or in percentage terms.

5. Quick Review: Dollar and Percentage Returns
Total dollar return = income + capital gain or loss
Percentage return: total dollar return divided by the initial investment

6. Percentage Returns on Bills, Bonds, and Stocks, 1900 - 2003
Difference between average return of stocks and bills = 7.6%
Difference between average return of stocks and bonds = 6.5%
Risk premium: the difference in returns offered by a risky asset relative to the risk-free return available

7. Variability of Stock Returns
Normal distribution can be described by its mean and its variance.
Variance (2) - the expected value of squared deviations from the mean
Units of variance (%-squared) - hard to interpret, so calculate standard deviation, a measure of volatility equal to square root of 2

8. Volatility of Asset Returns
Asset classes with greater volatility pay higher average returns.
Average return on stocks is more than double the average return on bonds, but stocks are 2.5 times more volatile.

9. Average Returns and St. Dev. for Asset Classes, 1900-2003
Stocks
Bills
Bonds
Standard Deviation (%)
Investors who want higher returns have to take more risk
The incremental reward from accepting more risk seems constant

10. Probabilistic Expected Return
Expected Rate of Return given a probability distribution of possible returns (ri): E(r) n
E(R) = S Pi Ri
i=1

11. Probabilistic Standard Deviation
Relevant Risk Measure for single asset
Variance = s2 = S pi( ri - E(r))2
Standard Deviation = Square Root of Variance

12. Example: Exp. Return and s

13. Example: Standard Deviation

14. Portfolio Risk and Return
E(rp) = S wiE(ri) = weighted average of the expected return of each asset in the portfolio
In our example, MAD E(r) = 33.5% and CON E(r) = 7.5%
What is the expected return of a portfolio consisting of 70% MAD and 30% CON?

15. Risk and Diversification
E(rp) = S wiE(ri) = .7(33.5%) + .3(7.5%) = 25.7% 19

16. Portfolio Risk
Looking at a 2-asset portfolio for simplicity, the riskiness of a portfolio is determined by the relationship between the returns of each asset over different scenarios or over time.
This relationship is measured by the correlation coefficient( r ): -1<= r < =+1
Lower r = less portfolio risk compared to the weighted average of the standard deviations.

17. Example 70% MAD, 30% CON Portfolio s

18. Average Return and St. Dev. for Individual Securities, 1994-2003
For various asset classes, a trade-off arises between risk and return. Does the trade-off appear to hold for all individual securities?

19. Average Return and St. Dev. for Individual Securities, 1994-2003
Wal-Mart
Anheuser-Busch
American Airlines
Archer Daniels Midland
Standard Deviation (%)
No obvious pattern here

20. Diversification
Most individual stock prices show higher volatility than the price volatility of portfolio of all common stocks.
How can the standard deviation for individual stocks be higher than the standard deviation of the portfolio?
Diversification: investing in many different assets reduces the volatility of the portfolio.
The ups and downs of individual stocks partially cancel each other out.

21. The Impact of Additional Assets on the Risk of a Portfolio
Number of Stocks
Systematic Risk
Portfolio of 11 stocks
AMD
Unsystematic Risk
AMD + American Airlines
AMD + American Airlines + Wal-Mart
Portfolio Standard Deviation

22. Systematic and Unsystematic Risk
Diversification reduces portfolio volatility, but only up to a point. Portfolio of all stocks still has a volatility of 21%.
Systematic risk: the volatility of the portfolio that cannot be eliminated through diversification.
Unsystematic risk: the proportion of risk of individual assets that can be eliminated through diversification
What really matters is systematic risk….how a group of assets move together.

23. Systematic and Unsystematic Risk
The tradeoff between standard deviation and average returns that holds for asset classes does not hold for individual stocks.
Because investors can eliminate unsystematic risk through diversification, market rewards only systematic risk.
Standard deviation contains both systematic and unsystematic risk.