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2. Researcher: Jean-Remy Hochmann RA: Melody Wu 2

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5.  Paradigm: Training and transfer tests  Method: Y-shaped maze 5

6. 6 Result: Bees have the concept of same and difference!

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8.  Paradigm: Training and transfer test  Method: use two paddles to represent same or difference 8

9.  Dolphin # 1:  Training: 89% accuracy  Transfer Test: 76% accuracy  Dolphin # 2:  Training: 85% accuracy  Transfer Test: 80% accuracy  Dolphins have the concept of same and difference! 9

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11.  Paradigm: Training and transfer tests  Method: show a pair of same or different stimuli 11

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15. 15 Human infants Infant chimps Monkeys pigeons Bees etc. Human infants Infant chimps Pigeons (256 different exemplars) Monkeys (128 different exemplars) MonkeysHuman adults Linguistically trained chimps Alex the parrot

16.  Symmetry interpretation is not always controlled for.  Symmetry applies to the overall visual pattern.  ‘Same’ is a relation between two objects.  Usually no different results between ‘Same’ and ‘Different’. 16

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21. Is the concept of difference harder or impossible for infants to learn? 21

22.  1. Mental representation of stimulus  2. Association between a side of screen and each representation 22

23.  Hold 1 st requirement constant  Test whether 14 month-old can associate a side to each representation 23

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25.  Determine at what age infants can associate each side with a representation 25

26.  1. Mental representation of stimulus  2. Association between a side on screen and each representation 26

27.  Hold 2 nd requirement constant  Test infants’ ability to represent structure AA and AB (same vs. difference) 27

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29.  Successful: associate AA to one side while AB to another  Infants have concept of same and difference  Unsuccessful: only associate AA to one side but not AB to another  Infants might only have the concept of same  Concept of difference might be more difficult 29

30.  Effect of speech labels  Effect of auditory attention cues 30

31. The End 31