1. ASA Adaptive Sensor Array Environmental and Meteorological Networked Smart Sensor Advanced Technology Initiative NCAR / ATD / RTF

2. Why Pursue Development? Development GOALS Roles for RTF Surface Facility with ASA 3-Tier Design Concept Preliminary Specifications Development Plan Hardware Development Overview Software Design Overview Demonstration Array Deployment for CME-04 Field ExperimentDemonstration Array Deployment for CME-04 Field Experiment Presentation Outline

3. Why Pursue an Adaptive Sensor Array? Advance existing sensing capabilities for research in complex, interwoven environmental and meteorological processes. Investigate, test and evolve emerging software methods designed for mesh network topologies. Develop application algorithms suitable for use and adaptation in other ATD instrument platforms. Deploy significant-numbers of cost-effective smart sensors capable of communicating, responding, and intelligently measuring diverse processes across heterogeneous environments (more measurements, at more points). Establish cooperative research relationships with outside agencies and universities (UCLA/CENS, CSU,..). Return to Top/Outline Slide

4. Development GOALS Augment and expand the RTF Integrated Surface Flux Facility (ISFF) with significantly extended / distributed environmental sampling coverage. Provide a ‘rapidly’ deployable platform that can be configured to facilitate straightforward relocation. Provide cross-habitat / mesoscale sampling combined with fine-scale sampling. Provide Internet access to real-time data stream Permit remote access for command and control of sampling systems. Provide ‘self-healing’ and ‘self-configuring’ array software capable of dynamically re-routing communications with extended ‘multi-hop’ peer-to-peer features. Explore, test and Incorporate promising technologies (Fuel-Cells, MEMS, Nano, Optical, etc.) as appropriate to further the over-riding need for low- power, small-scale, and overall research grade sensing products). Note: this level of effort would require a full commitment of personnel and financial resources and possibly a cooperating agency. Independent in-house development on raw low-level ultra-efficient components (such as MEMS based sensors) is unrealistic. Return to Top/Outline Slide

5. Roles for RTF Surface Facility with ASA Surface Energy Budget and Turbulent Flux Estimation (Historic) Test bed for evaluating and exploring the capabilities of multi-scale meteorological and environmental sensor arrays. Habitat Monitoring Hydrological cycle Biogeochemical Dynamics –CO2 monitoring / spatial characterization Return to Top/Outline Slide

6. Preliminary Specifications Bi-Directional real-time Wireless communications. Flexible modular design capable of incorporating in-situ, remote, and 3-4D measurements of environmental, meteorological and chemical measurements in heterogeneous environments. (Cameras, GIS, etc.) A sensor that is both 'smart' and 'intelligent'. The 'smart' capabilities include processing, minimal calibration, connectivity, whereas the intelligent sensor will include diagnostics, predictive diagnostics, peer-to-peer communication, event response, and knowledge of past events. The design include the capability of gathering biological, chemical, physical and environmental data locally and remotely, incorporated with infrastructure knowledge for intelligent processing that includes triggering/activating internal and external devices, data rates, power management (to increase life of system), data quality, etc. Flexible long range (wide bandwidth)/short range protocol, that will minimize cost, include reliable communications, be compatible with legacy systems, provide appropriate communication ranges, be self- organizing/self-healing, and be power efficient. (IEEE Sensor Protocol P1451.2,3 and 4.) Multi-platform modular design capable of controlling and communicating with a variety of peripheral (PDA unit, Lap top, off the shelf sensors, planes, satellites, cameras, sniffers, etc.) or third party sensor The incorporation of the sensor intelligence to a self organizing network capable of continually connecting and re-connecting between local point and far nodes to optimise the efficiency and reliability of data including time synch and location. The ability to respond to both infrastructure and sensed events, i.e. stack plumes, etc., via power, data rate change, data calibration, network calibration, sensor calibration, etc. Return to Top/Outline Slide

7. Design Concept Return to Top/Outline Slide

8. Basic Node Descriptions Micro Sensor Node Interface between Mid Range Sensor Nodes and transducers Self-organizing, short range network Minimal data processing and decision making 1. Analog to digital voltage conversion, and processing of raw data into sample stream 2. Event processing limited to power down or up, sampling rates, time synch 3. Limited configuration capabilities ID Broadcast Spatial range : 100 m Max between nodes Mid Range Sensor Node Interface between Micro Sensors and Network Nodes Interface to higher bandwidth sensors including multiple/bussed Intelligent Serial Devices Increased data processing and decision making 1. Acquisition, time stamping and processing of raw data into sample stream 2. Statistical Data Reduction 3. Recognition and response to events from sensors, micro sensor nodes, local processing and network nodes 4. Local and remote configuration of attached sensors, power, data processing, and network parameters Accurate Clock and Time Synch Broadcast Spatial range : 10-15 km Network Node (multiple sensing capability) Link to outside world/internet and mid range sensors Highest bandwidth sensing capability (Eddy Correlation flux measurements) Web services, database, camera Highest level of data processing and decision making on events 1. Collective data processing and event handing of remote sensor nodes and local sensors Spatial range : Local / Regional / Global Return to Top/Outline Slide

9. Development Plan / Implementation Target Phase-I –New ISFF Data System (Network / Mid-Level Node) –Demonstration Micro-Sensor Node Array –Demonstrate / Investigate : Plug and Play Sensor Protocol Self-Organizing multi-cast communications Routing protocol optimization – UCLA-CENS Directed Diffusion Wireless DAQ / Time Synchronization Power Efficient Operations Return to Top/Outline Slide

10. Development Plan / Implementation Target Phase-II –Incorporate Real-time event driven response methods –Develop Middle-Level CO2-Pack Nodes Middle-Level Met-Pack Nodes (10-20km range) Install high-level processing / storage on Mid-level PC104 platform (replaces / upgrades existing ‘ISFF-EVE’ DAQ) Global Satellite communications –Integrated / Interactive Data Displays for Host GIS Satellite Imagery NexRAD Return to Top/Outline Slide

11. Network Node (Initial Development) Implementation Target WEB Access Gateway GIS / Sat. Imagery / NexRAD / etc. Host Institution 'Base' Station RF - L.O.S. Access... Iridium Sat. / Cell-Phone / Fiber / 802.11 RF / Hardwire Access... Network Node Mid Level Data System / Sensor Ingest Node (Initial Development) Mid Level Sensor Pod Met-Pack Mid Level Sensor Pod CO2... Sensor Pod Flux-Pack MicroSensor Network (Demonstration Array Development) Tsoil Tleaf Optional HardWire / RF. Return to Top/Outline Slide

12. Phase-I Hardware Development Overview: Wireless Micro-Sensor Motes Soil Temp. Profile MotesGPS/T-RH-P MotesBase-Station / Mote Array-Ingester 3-sets, 4-each Deployed at CME-04 CrossBow Technologies Mica2 100m Range / Networkable Solar Powered (12mW ops /.03mW sleep) 6-sensors: 20 samples reported each 30-Sec 2 nd Order Calibrated Fit Development in Progress for CME-04 CrossBow Technologies Mica2 / MTS520 100m Range / Networkable with Tsoil Cycled Aspiration for T/RH accuracy Base/Repeater Deployed for CME-04 CrossBow Technologies Mica2 and Maxstream Radio 10-12km Mote Repeater Range Ingest / Forward Mote Data to Main Data Acquisition System(s) Solar Powered (<=300mW ops) In Development: Linux Based Server Version (shown below) CrossBow Technologies Stargate Flash-Card Data Storage Ethernet Interface Return to Top/Outline Slide

13. Phase-I Hardware Development Overview: New Data System for ISFF / Network Node Old ISFF Data Acquisition System New Data Acquisition System PC104 Based Computer <= 6-Watts ~8 lbs (mostly the enclosure) Linux Operating System Wireless / Ethernet Interface 16+ Sio ingest 16+ Analog ingest In Development: Flash-Card / Local Data Storage DAQ Board Stack VME Based Computer >= 100-Watts (requires A/C power) ~80 lbs Proprietary VxWorks Operating System Wireless / Ethernet Interface 16+ Sio ingest 16+ Analog ingest Barometer Return to Top/Outline Slide

14. Software Overview All Software based on Open-Source Model Java / C++ Network / Mid-Level: Linux based for enhanced Portability and Maintainability Micro-Scale Level: TinyOS / NesC based (UofCa/Berkley OS / C++ like language optimized for resource constrained processors) Dynamic Reconfigurability: Network Routing / Operating Response: all levels Return to Top/Outline Slide

15. Software High Level Descriptions This and following diagrams are intended to highlight the basic approach and underscore the modular concept of software methods designed for cross-tier utilization of Java / C++ code ASA NETWORK SOFWARE EVENT MANAGER CONFIGURATION MANAGER COMMUNICATION MANAGER SENSOR INTERFACE MANAGER DATA MANAGER Return to Top/Outline Slide

16. NETWORK NODE Software MODULE DIAGRAM EVENT MANAGER COMMUNICATION MGR CONFIGURATION MGR EVENT MANAGER SENSOR INTERFACE MGR ASA NETWORK SOFWARE DATA PROCESSOR DATA PROCESSOR CONCTN PARAM CONVRSN PARAM TIME PARAM DATA PARAM LOGGING PARAM HARDWARE ETC. COMM. PARAM DATA REDUCERQC CONTROL INTELLIGENCE MODULEOTHER PROCESSING TIME (GPS) TRIGGERED INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EVENTS HANDLED BY EVENT MANAGER INCLUDE : DATA, HARDWARE, POWER, INFRASTRUCTURE, SENSOR SPECIFIC OTHER (Legacy, etc.) Network Node DataMid-Level (Micro) Sensor Pod Data ARCHIVE MEDIA SENSOR SPECIFIC MODULES COMM MGR OTHERDATA SAMPLE GENERATOR COMMUINCATION MGR SENSOR INTERFACE MGR SENSOR SPECIFIC MODULES RFTCP/IPSERIALUDPOTHER SERIAL OTHER GPS (TIME/LOC) DIGITAL I/O ANALOG OTHER CONFIG PARAMETERS Return to Top/Outline Slide

17. Mid-Level Sensor NODE Software MODULE DIAGRAM EVENT MANAGER COMMUNICATION MGR CONFIGURATION MGR EVENT MANAGER SENSOR INTERFACE MGR ASA NETWORK SOFWARE DATA PROCESSOR DATA PROCESSOR CONCTN PARAM CONVRSN PARAM TIME PARAM DATA PARAM LOGGING PARAM HARDWARE ETC. COMM. PARAM DATA REDUCERQC CONTROL INTELLIGENCE MODULEOTHER PROCESSING TIME (GPS) TRIGGERED INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EVENTS HANDLED BY EVENT MANAGER INCLUDE : DATA, HARDWARE, POWER, INFRASTRUCTURE, SENSOR SPECIFIC Network Node Command And Control Mid-Level Sensor Pod Data ARCHIVE MEDIA SENSOR SPECIFIC MODULES COMM. Mgr OTHERDATA SAMPLE GENERATOR COMMUNICATION MGR SENSOR INTERFACE MGR SENSOR SPECIFIC MODULES RFTCP/IPSERIALUDPOTHER SERIAL OTHER GPS (TIME/LOC) DIGITAL I/O ANALOG OTHER CONFIG PARAMETERS Micro-Sensor Pod data Return to Top/Outline Slide

18. Micro-Level Sensor NODE Software MODULE DIAGRAM EVENT MANAGER COMMUNICATION MGR CONFIGURATION MGR EVENT MANAGER SENSOR INTERFACE MGR ASA NETWORK SOFWARE DATA PROCESSOR DATA PROCESSOR CONCTN PARAM CONVRSN PARAM TIME PARAM DATA PARAM LOGGING PARAM HARDWARE ETC. COMM. PARAM DATA REDUCERQC CONTROL INTELLIGENCE MODULE OTHER PROCESSING TIME (GPS) TRIGGERED INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EVENTS HANDLED BY EVENT MANAGER INCLUDE : DATA, POWER, INFRASTRUCTURE, Mid Level Command And Control ARCHIVE MEDIA SENSOR SPECIFIC MODULES COMM MGR OTHERDATA SAMPLE GENERATOR COMMUNICATION MGR SENSOR INTERFACE MGR SENSOR SPECIFIC MODULES RF SERIAL OTHER DIGITAL I/O ANALOG OTHER CONFIG PARAMETERS Micro Pod Data Return to Top/Outline Slide

19. Prototype Array Deployment for Carbon in the Mountains Experiment (CME) Niwot-Ridge Colorado Summer-04

20. CME Goals: Typify CO2 Production, Variations and Dispersion

21. RTF – CME Contribution Details Hydra (CO2 sampling) New ISFF Data System Wireless ‘ASA’ Tsoil Sensors 3 Tall-Towers

22. Prototype ASA Deployment Niwot Ridge Colorado 2004 ASA Micro-Sensor Array: Soil Temp. Monitoring Scientists installing Solar-Powered Wireless Micro- Sensor Node with 6 Soil Temperature Probes Micro-Scale Array Base Receiver and Mid-Range (10-12km) Repeater / Transponder Radio. 1 of 3 Towers shown in background (Willow) being installed with Medium- Scale Data Acquisition, Processing and Internet Accessible Communication System forwarding continuous data to host institution archive and display. Return to Top/Outline Slide

23. Mesoscale arrays Micro scale arrays Target Goal: Regional Networked Arrays Using towers above canopy for collective event detection and response ‘Willow-Site’ Micro-Mote Nodes with tower and data acquisition system in background ‘Pine-Site’ Micro-Mote unable to see Base Receiver relays its data through Mote ‘visible’ in background ‘Willow-Tower’ in view from ‘Pine-Tower’ ‘Pine-Site’ Micro- Mote Node with tower / data acquisition in background 2-way communications within Micro-Scale and between Meso-Scale Array Nodes ‘Willow’ ‘Pine’ ‘Aspen’