1. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 1 of 29 Session I.4.3 Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 4Sources of Radiation Session 3Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Neutron Sources IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 2 of 29  In this session we will discuss Radioactive Sources which emit:  Alpha  Beta  Gamma  X-ray  Neutron Overview

3. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 3 of 29 Relative Radioactive Source Activity ExampleSI Units Environmental samples Laboratory standard In-vitro tracer Nuclear medicine Calibration source Teletherapy source Irradiator millibecquerels 10 -3 becquerels 10 0 kilobecquerels 10 3 megabecquerels 10 6 gigabecquerels 10 9 terabecquerels 10 12 petabecquerels 10 15

4. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 4 of 29 ReactorFuel Fission Products Activation Products Non-ReactorMedicalIndustrialMilitaryAviationSupportResearchCommercial Where Radionuclides are Found

5. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 5 of 29 Samples of Radionuclide Sources  Medical  Human Use (MBq-TBq)  Nuclear Medicine  Diagnostic ( 99m Tc, 131 I, 153 Gd, 125 I, 201 Tl)  Therapeutic ( 131 I, 32 P, 89 Sr)  Radiation Therapy  Teletherapy ( 60 Co)  Brachytherapy ( 137 Cs, 192 Ir, 198 Au, 125 I, 109 Pd)  Non-Human Use (KBq)  In-Vitro Laboratory ( 125 I, 51 Cr, 59 Co)

6. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 6 of 29  Industrial (GBq-PBq)  Radiography ( 192 Ir, 60 Co, 137 Cs)  Well Logging ( 241 Am, 137 Cs, 60 Co, 238 U, 131 I, 3 H)  Irradiators ( 60 Co, 137 Cs)  Gauges  Fixed ( 137 Cs, 60 Co, 147 Pm)  Portable ( 241 Am, 137 Cs)  Fuel Cycle (U) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

7. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 7 of 29  Support (KBq or less)  Calibration/Check Sources ( 60 Co, 137 Cs, 239 Pu, 241 Am, 252 Cf, 238 U, 90 Sr, 232 Th)  Laboratory Standards (many)  Research (MBq)  Chromatographs ( 63 Ni)  Education (many) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

8. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 8 of 29  Commercial (varies – typically MBq or less)  Personal  Wristwatches ( 3 H, 147 Pm)  Dinnerware (U)  Recreational  Lantern Mantles ( 232 Th)  Safety  Smoke Detectors ( 241 Am)  Warning/Exit Signs ( 3 H)  Shielding ( 238 U)  Service  Anti-Static Devices ( 210 Po) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

9. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 9 of 29  Military (MBq)  Non-Nuclear Weapons  Armor Piercing Projectiles ( 238 U)  Survival  Lensatic Compasses ( 3 H, 147 Pm)  Chemical Agent Monitors ( 63 Ni, 241 Am, 3 H) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

10. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 10 of 29  Aviation (Bq-MBq)  Operational  Fixed Wing Aircraft  Oil Level Indicators ( 85 Kr)  Aileron Counterweights ( 238 U)  Magnesium/Nickel Skin Panels ( 232 Th)  Spark Gaps/Igniters ( 60 Co)  Helicopter  Blade Integrity and Ice Detection ( 90 Sr) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

11. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 11 of 29  Aviation (MBq-TBq)  Historic Displays/Vintage Aircraft ( 226 Ra)  Safety Items  Runway Lights, Markers and Exit Signs ( 3 H) Samples of Radionuclide Sources

12. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 12 of 29 Sample Alpha, Beta, Gamma Sources

13. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 13 of 29 Sample Alpha Sources

14. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 14 of 29 Sample Beta Sources

15. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 15 of 29 Sample Gamma Sources

16. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 16 of 29 Sample Neutron Sources Most neutron sources are either alpha- beryllium sources (Pu-Be, Am-Be, Ra-Be, Po-Be etc) or Californium-252

17. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 17 of 29 Sample X-Ray Sources

18. 4/2003 Rev 2 I.4.3 – slide 18 of 29 Where to Get More Information  Cember, H., Johnson, T. E., Introduction to Health Physics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2008)  Martin, A., Harbison, S. A., Beach, K., Cole, P., An Introduction to Radiation Protection, 6 th Edition, Hodder Arnold, London (2012)  Attix, F. H., Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, Wiley and Sons, Chichester (1986)  Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8 th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)