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Published byAngelina Sinclair Modified over 11 years ago
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Division of Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery
PCRRT and ECMO A. Dodge-Khatami, MD, PhD K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH University Children‘s Hospital, University of Zürich, Switzerland Division of Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery
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ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation:
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: life-saving mechanical circulatory assist device for the temporary support of the cardiac and/or pulmonary systems. through circulatory support, possibility to maintain homeostasis of all major vital organs, including renal function.
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respiratory: neonatal & pediatric (82 %)
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO 3 major groups: respiratory: neonatal & pediatric (82 %) cardiac: neonatal & pediatric (14.2 %) adult cardio-respiratory failure (3.8 %)
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Meconium aspiration syndrome
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH Respiratory ECMO Congenital diaphragmatic hernia Meconium aspiration syndrome Respiratory Insufficiency/RDS Persistent Fetal Circulation/PPHN Sepsis/Pneumonia Air leak syndrome
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Oxygenation Index (OI)= mean airway pressure x ([FIO2 x 100]/PaO2)
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH Respiratory ECMO indications: Oxygenation Index (OI)= mean airway pressure x ([FIO2 x 100]/PaO2) OI >25 without improvement under ttt or OI >40.
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K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH Respiratory ECMO
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bridge to myocardial recovery or pre-operative support.
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH Cardiac ECMO bridge to myocardial recovery or pre-operative support. bridge to heart or heart/lung transplantion. post-operative support after cardiac surgery. survival to separation from ECMO 53%, and survival to discharge 39%.
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as standby: ALCAPA, TAPVD, HLHS
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH Cardiac ECMO contraindications?, relative: age < 35 weeks, weight < 2kg, previous cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage, HLHS + TAPVD. absolute: profound neurologic deficit or syndrome preventing a meaningful life, against parent will. as standby: ALCAPA, TAPVD, HLHS
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K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO
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K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO neck cannulation if chest closed: right carotid artery + ipsilateral internal jugular vein. confirm lack of need for a vent in the left atrium (possibilty of Rashkind in neonates). post-operative open chest after attemped repair or palliation of congenital heart disease gives direct access to aorta + right atrium + left atrium for left heart decompression.
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K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO
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setup time (15-20 minutes), large priming volume (~300 ml).
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO setup time (15-20 minutes), large priming volume (~300 ml). maintain ACT , platelets > 100‘000, fibrinogen > 100 mg/dl, AT III 100%. when running at lower flows, maximal anticoagulation vs. virtually no anticoagulation when temporarily running at supraphysiologic flows
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ECMO Cost (CHF): ECMO system: 1860.- Blood unit (250 cc) : 218.-
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO Cost (CHF): ECMO system: Blood unit (250 cc) : 218.- Cannulae (1A + 2V): 810.- Water prime/rinse: 15.- Total: Hemofilter:
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K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO duration: for respiratory ECMO, successful ECMO can be maintained up to ~20 days. no study has shown survival after 300 hours (12.5 days) for cardiac ECMO; improvement of cardiac function beyond 250 hours is highly unlikely. when multiorgan failure or sepsis, consider discontinuation after 4 days.
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complications: mechanical and patient Mechanical:
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO complications: mechanical and patient Mechanical: Circuit Clotting (19%) Cannulae placement/flow issues (9%) Air embolism (5%) Oxygenator failure (4%) Connector cracks,pump failure,heat exchanger malfunction (6%)
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Nosocomial infection 30% (risk factor for mortality).
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO complications: Patient Bleeding (35%) Ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebral lesions (~15% during, and 40% after decannulation) Nosocomial infection 30% (risk factor for mortality). Renal failure (25%): creatinine > 114 µmol/l, urine output < 1 ml/kg/h, or hemofiltration
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indication for Hemofiltration: volume overload
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO survival: >5-fold risk for death in patients requiring hemoflitration on ECMO as opposed to those who do not (50-65% vs. 9-23%) „…consideration should be given to discontinue ECMO when extrarenal support is required…“ IS HEMOFILTRATION STARTED TOO LATE, and WOULD EARLIER THERAPY CHANGE PROGNOSIS? indication for Hemofiltration: volume overload
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Hemofilter flow: max 10 ml/kg/hour (zero balance)
K NDERSPITAL ZÜRICH ECMO Hemofilter flow: max 10 ml/kg/hour (zero balance) Placed BEFORE the oxygenator Changed once a day Reduces plasma interleukins (IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8) induced by cardiopulmonary bypass or ECMO. No adverse effects on platelet activation and consumption
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