1. 1 Modern Period State Economy Civil Society Family Voluntary Associations Newspapers TV Film Radio Advertising 1900s-1990s Public Sphere

2. 2 Media and the Public Interest

3. 3

4. 4 Television is just another appliance. It's a toaster with pictures. Let the people decide through the marketplace mechanisms what they wish to see and hear. Why is there this national obsession to tamper with this box of transistors and tubes when we don't do the same for Time magazine?" --Mark Fowler, FCC Chairman, 1981

5. 5 Media & The Power to Do Lobby Campaign Contributions Junkets

6. 6 1996 Telecommunications Act Broadcast ownership restrictions lifted Terms of Licenses extended to 8 years Allows cross-media ownership Gives away digital spectrum

7. 7 How do Candidates Reach People? TELEVISION ADS $6B: Amount of money spent in 2012 presidential campaign Makes Up as Much as 14% of Revenues For local TV News Stations in Election Years

8. 8 Proposed Amendment to BCRA (2002) Television Broadcasters must offer political candidates reduced rates for their TV ads… 14 amendments offered on the floor of the House to weaken or kill this provision Provision voted down 327-101