1. Electronic Warfare and Counter-Measures
What is Electronic Warfare?

3. Electronic Warfare (EW)
Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W)
Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes integrated use of:
Operational Security (OPSEC)
Military Deception
Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)
Physical Destruction
Electronic Warfare (EW)

4. Importance of EW Increased reliance on radar and OTH targeting
Increased use of Communications and Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
Increased capabilities of missile & weapons system
Requires high-speed detection and tracking
Active/Passive homing long-range missile give little warning

5. Electronic Support (ES) *ESM Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM
Three Components of EW
Electronic Support (ES) *ESM
Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM
Electronic Protection (EP) *ECCM
ESM – Electronic Support Measures
ECM – Electronic Counter Measures
ECCM – Electronic Counter-counter Measures

6. Electronic Support (ES)
Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to detect the enemy’s position, strength, and intention, and warning of targets
-Detection -Tracking
-Recognition -Targeting
-Warning -Destruction
-Avoidance

7. Passive EW (ES) ELINT – Electronic Intelligence
Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic information
COMINT – Communications Intelligence
Foreign communications transmissions intercepted by other than the intended recipients
Advantages and Limitations

8. ES Receiver Design Requirements
Wide spectrum surveillance
Wide dynamic range
Unwanted signal rejection
Angle-of-Arrival measurement
Signal Analysis capability
Real-Time Display
Recording System
AN/SLQ-32 versions 1-5
version 1: not used anymore
version 2: older ships (ie. DD)
version 3: upgraded version 2 with jamming capability
version 4: upgraded even more, newer ships (ie. DDG, CVN)
version 5: FFG only, some jamming capibility

9. Electronic Attack (EA)
Preventing or reducing the enemy’s use of the EM spectrum (capabilities) and promoting uncertainty
“Black boxes” that jam or deceive the enemy
Radar or communications “jamming”

10. Electronic Attack (EA)
Use of active and passive energy to “attack “
Personnel
Facilities
Equipment
Four Classes of EA
Jamming
Modifiers
Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)
Physical Destruction

11. Non-Destructive EA
Denial: overload opposition’s receiver to deny its use by the enemy
Jamming
Noise
Spot
Barrage
Sweep
Chaff
Flares

12. Noise Jamming Definition:
Noise jamming is the deliberate radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the purpose of impairing the use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems being used by the enemy.

13. Effective Jamming PW
Rcvd Signal Amp.
Ineffective Jamming
PRT
time

14. Jamming
TGT Freq
True Noise
Ideal Jammer
Actual Spot Jammer

15. Non-Destructive EA (cont.)
Deception: Create false image or change image’s characteristics on a radar display. Misleads or “spoofs”
Repeaters: delay received radar signal and retransmitting at a slightly later time
Transponders: Create false signal by playing back a stored replica of the radar signal
Chaff - disguise
Radar Decoys
Blip Enhancers
Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

16. Decoys

17. Velocity Gate Pull Off (VGPO)
Pulls off the velocity gate until it is not tracking the aircraft.
Target Return
Velocity Gate
Gate Pull-Off

18. Confusion/Deception

19. Chaff Corridor
Flares (active)

20. Chaff False Targets

21. Multiple False Targets
Real Target

22. Strobes

23. Cover Pulse Jamming
“Reactive Jamming” X

24. EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!

25. Passive Detection
Radar
IFF
TACAN
Jamming

26. Destructive EA Anti-Radiation Missiles SLAM HARM Sidewinder
Directed Energy

27. SLAM ER Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response

28. SLAM

29. HARM High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile Colors on ordnance?
Yellow: high-explosive
Brown: low-explosive or booster
Blue: training round or inert

30. HARM Results
Portable Serbian Radar

31. AIM-9 Sidewinder

32. Electronic Protection (EP)
Definition:
EP is the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability.

33. Electronic Protection (EP)
Protection of friendly combat capability against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy employed EW
Types
Passive EW
Active EW

34. Electronic Protection (EP)
Three ways to defend from enemy EW
Modify radar
Make it more complex
Make it harder to jam
Modify the Medium
Chaff
Torch
Modify the platform

35. EP: Radar Design Power Frequency PRF PW Pulse Shape Antenna Design
Scan Pattern
Basic: The better you know your enemy’s capability the better you can
counter it’s affect.
Radar Design:
Power - Fundamental parameter, the battle becomes one of power.
- Affects Burnthrough distance
Frequency Change - If your radar is frequency agile it is harder to jam.
PRF Changing the PRF in a random fashion is an effective counter to
deception. EA depends on the predictability of radar.
Pulse length - Increase the pulse length requires more power. Can use
pulse compression to compensate for range resolution and
minimum range.
Antenna Design - Reduce the amount and size of side lobes makes it more
difficult to jam from various axis.
Scan Pattern - influence amount of energy directed towards the radar target.

36. EP Factors
Burnthrough: Increase signal strength to overpower jammer noise (ECCM)
Emission Control (EMCON)
Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Operator Recognition Training
Burnthrough - More power in the air at the contact!
EMCON - Alpha through Delta,
Alpha silent and A1
Bravo and B1
Charlie
Delta essentials only – Normal steaming configuration
Operator Training - recognize jamming and counter it!

37. EP Factors (Cont.)
Frequency Agility
Slider
Stepper
Random
FREQ
TIME

38. U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
SLQ-32 “Sidekick”
On all combatants
Radar warning, detection and jamming
Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize
Infrared Flares
Chaff
Go over slide.

39. U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities
SSQ-108 “Outboard” -
On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
Any ship with SSES
Real-time OTH passive detection, localization, and targeting
SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy
On Arleigh Burke class
Rubber Duck
Looks like a life boat container
SSES – Shipboard Signals Exploitation Space
IS, CT, maybe EW’s and a Crypto Officer.

40. U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities
ALQ EW system on EA-6B Prowler
ALQ EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18
ALQ ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
ALQ EA jamming system on F/A-18
ALR ES detection system on S-3 Viking
ALR ES detection system on P-3C Orion
ALR ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
Chaff On SH-60 Seahawk
Go over slide.

41. ALQ-99 Detection, Identification, tracking
Communication, Data Link, and radar jamming
Deception: mimics radar signals
EA-6B Prowler

42. ALQ-162 Radar Jamming F/A-18 Hornet
Automatic radar jamming against surface-to-air and airborne intercept missiles that use continuous wave (CW) radars

43. ALQ-142 Electronic Support System SH- 60 Seahawk
Real time Identification and bearing of surveillance radars

44. Jamming Effectiveness
Match the victim radar’s RF
Be continuous
Have sufficient power

45. Range Gate Pull Off (RGPO)
Pulls off the velocity gate until it is not tracking the aircraft.

46. Range Gates

47. INVERSE GAIN Error Signal Target Echoes Conical Scan New Error Signal
Apparent Target
Jamming
INVERSE GAIN

48. Methods to Defeat Direct Threat Jamming
Frequency Techniques
RF Change
RF Diversity
RF Agility
Diplexing
Variable PRF

49. Questions?