1. 1 Media Don’t “Influence” Politics, They Are the Way Politics Gets Done

2. 2 Imagine you are this guy… How would you govern?

3. 3 Political Context

4. 4 More Context

5. 5

6. 6 Manufacturing Employment, By Year

7. 7 More Context / Economic Disruptions / Business Risks / 1873: 5000 bankruptcies / 1878: 10,000 bankruptcies / 1880s: 156 RRs went bankrupt / Economic Disruptions / Business Risks / 1873: 5000 bankruptcies / 1878: 10,000 bankruptcies / 1880s: 156 RRs went bankrupt / Depressions / 1873-1894: 14 years of Depression / Profit Margins Decrease / 8.8% in 1870s RRs, to 5% in 1890s RRs

8. 8 More Context / Machine Politics in Cities / Parochial Interests in Congress / Political Influence by Big Business / Machine Politics in Cities / Parochial Interests in Congress / Political Influence by Big Business

9. 9 Ok… What do you do?

10. 10 Going Public Get Noticed by Reporters Set Agendas Frame Issues

11. 11 A Subsidy For News Organizations Key Point: Political Actors Need Media to Govern