1. RIGHTS & THE BASIS OF LIBERTY PART IV

2. RIGHTS & THE BASIS OF SOCIETY Rights Questions Rights The Purpose of Rights The Natural Rights Artificial Rights Rights in Society Rights against the Government The State of Nature The State Purpose Real?

3. RIGHTS & THE BASIS OF SOCIETY The Basis of Political Authority Authority The Basis of Authority The Legitimate Uses of Authority Obedience Purpose of the State

4. THOMAS HOBBES: PHYSICS &POLITICS View of Politics Experience Conclusions Drawn from Experience Method The State of Nature State of Nature Egoism

5. THE STATE OF MEN WITHOUT CIVIL SOCIETY Thomas Hobbes Hobbes’ Purpose Faculties of Human Nature Purpose Society & Coming Together Other Thinkers Why Men Come Together Why Men Meet Contracting for Society Motivation to Form Society Dominion

6. THE STATE OF MEN WITHOUT CIVIL SOCIETY Society, Equality & Fear The Origin of All Great & Lasting Societies Equality Will to Hurt Combat of Wits Most Common Cause of the Desire to Hurt The Right to All Things The Foundation of Natural Right Right to Means Right to All

7. THE STATE OF MEN WITHOUT CIVIL SOCIETY War of All Against All No right at all War of all against all Perpetual War Not the Best Getting Fellows Conquering The Dictate of the Law of Nature

8. HOBBES’ SOCIAL CONTRACT & SOVEREIGN Natural Laws The Laws The Sovereign Social Contract The Contract The Sovereign Rights & Morality Reaction

9. JOHN LOCKE Background Early years & Education Public Life Works The End Locke’s Political Philosophy The State Locke’s Assumptions Differences From Hobbes State of Nature The Qualities of Locke’s State of Nature

10. OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT JOHN LOCKE The State of Nature & Natural Rights The State of Nature Rights to Life, Liberty & Property Men are God’s Property Obligation to Preserve Life Punishment & Power The Right to Punish Limits of & Justification of Punishment Further Justification of Punishment Injury & Reparation Right of Punishment & Right of Reparation Right to Kill Murderers

11. OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT JOHN LOCKE The State of War The State of War Defined Initiating the State of War The Right to Destroy Attempts to Enslave The Right to Kill a Thief The State of Nature & The State of War The Right of Self Defense Of Property Common Property & Appropriation The Basis of Property Limits of Property Gold & Silver

12. OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT JOHN LOCKE Tyranny Tyranny Defined Tyranny Occurs When Tyranny

13. OBEDIENCE & DISOBEDIENCE Introduction Questions Stanley Milgram’s “Obedience to Authority” Basis of Obedience Obedience & Disobedience Conscience Specific Situations

14. SOCRATES & OBEDIENCE Social & Political Philosophy Distrust of Democracy Laws Social Contract Theory Natural Law Theory

15. CRITO The Issue The First Argument: Benefits The State Benefited Socrates Freedom to Leave Disobedience is Unjust on Three Counts The Second Argument: Exile Socrates could have chosen exile The Third Argument The Contract Argument

16. HENRY DAVID THOREAU Background Life Works Impact

17. ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE HENRY DAVID THOREAU Government The Best Government Government Less & Better Government Majority Rule Conscience Conscience & Law Military & Police Office Holders & Others Heroes

18. ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE HENRY DAVID THOREAU Revolution & Submission Revolution Paley Assessment of Paley Voting & Goodness Goodness & Doing Nothing Voting Duty & Action Duty & Wrongs Error Supported by Virtue Opinion & Action Unjust Laws & Inaction

19. ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE HENRY DAVID THOREAU Resisting Injustice Punishment Breaking the Law Prison Peaceable Revolution Property & Protection Property Money & Virtue Protection of the State Taking Property Confucius Refusal of Allegiance

20. ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE HENRY DAVID THOREAU The State & Prison Jail The State & Force Taxes After Prison Taxes & Resistance Taxes People Resisting

21. ON THE DUTY OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE HENRY DAVID THOREAU Progress of the State Authority Progress He Imagines a State

22. LIBERTY Introduction Questions Liberty Positive & Negative Liberty Who/What Determines Liberty? Liberty & Security Other Grounds for Limiting Liberty

23. BENITO MUSSOLINI Background Life

24. WHAT IS FASCISM MUSSOLINI & GENTILE Fascism Peace Only War Life Fascism & Other Views Marxism & Fascism Fascism Denies Democracy & Fascism Predictions

25. WHAT IS FASCISM MUSSOLINI & GENTILE Foundation of Fascism Fascism The Fascist State Empire

26. LIBERTY J.S. MILL Goal & History of Liberty Mill’s Goal Liberty & Rulers Liberty as Limiting Power History of Limiting Power of Rulers The Tyranny of the People The Will of the People The Tyranny of the Majority

27. LIBERTY J.S. MILL Limits. Rules & Principles The Limit of Legitimate Interference The Basis of Rules No Principle Mill’s Principle Rightful Exercise of Power Limits in Application: Children & Those in Need of Care Limit in Application: Barbarians

28. LIBERTY J.S. MILL Utility as the Foundation of Liberty Utility Punishment Compelling Accountability Sphere of Action & Regions of Liberty Sphere of Action 1 st Region of Liberty: Inward Domain of consciousness 2 nd Region of Liberty: Tastes & Pursuits 3 rd Region of Liberty: Liberty of Combination

29. LIBERTY J.S. MILL Opposition Opposes Ancient Commonwealths Modern Commonwealths Tendencies Against Liberty