1. Other Teaching Models

2. Other Curriculum Models
Tactical Games (used in PE 279)
Teaching games for understanding (TGFU)
Personalized system for instruction
Jigsaw
SPARK
Developmental Model*
Humanistic education*
Conceptually based education*
Personally Meaningful Education*
Social responsibility*
Cognitive integration*
Cultural studies*
* - not discussed in this course

3. Tactical Games (similar to TGFU)
“When do we get to play?”
Cleverly uses student interest in the game itself to promote skill development and tactical knowledge. In essence, students are playing the game as they work on skills and tactics (bait and switch)
Based on game-forms
Game forms are game like tasks which function as bridge between skills and game itself.

4. Tactical Games Focus is on teaching offensive and defensive tactics
This includes positioning, starts and restarts
You may also use this model to teach basic skills
Soccer: dribbling, passing, headers, etc

5. Steps in a Tactical Approach Lesson
1. Game (game-form or full-game)
2. Questions (class discussion)
3. Practice (teacher directed)
4. Game

6. Steps in a Tactical Approach Lesson
Game or game-form that emphasizes a tactical problem (challenge) before identifying and practicing skills
Use a half-speed activity or brief activity related to the sport as a warm-up
Gather students together and asks questions to focus them on a tactical problem and how to solve it
How were you defending someone in the open space (basketball); what were others doing off the ball?
Practice tasks used to develop tactical awareness, typically via teacher-centered instructional styles
Game situation to reinforce the tactical problem or skill addressed earlier
The game situation is often the same game from step 1

7. Tactical Games
Uses deductive questions to help students solve tactical problems before each task begins.
Basketball
A couple individuals are having difficulty defending their assignment. How can we give them help?
Your team seems to mostly be shooting from the outside. Now the defense is focusing on defending this option. How might you diffuse this?
What other examples can you give?
Examples of tactical game concepts

8. Advantages Advantages Interest and excitement Knowledge as empowerment
Students see where instruction is needed and therefore are often more receptive
Can use consistent teams like sport ed
Knowledge as empowerment
Learning what to do in the game situations is just as important as skill acquisition
Novelty

9. Disadvantages Disadvantages
Requires flexibility and “on the spot” adaptations if not focusing on predetermined tactical problems and instead focus on observables from the initial game or game-form.
Can be difficult for teachers to get out of the mindset:
Warm-up, practice drills, game (same old, same old)

10. Levels of Tactical Complexity
You must ensure that the tactical complexity of the game matches student development
Ultimate frisbee example
Asking relevant questions is the most difficult part of this model

11. Personalized System for Instruction
Steps:
Teacher first determines the skills and knowledge necessary for participation
Designs a series of learning tasks for learning those elements, typically via stations
Activities, skills, common errors, and performance criteria are all determined by the teacher
Presents tasks via a written workbook (This is quite different from a captain’s packet in sport ed). This frees teacher to provide more feedback.
When students reach a predetermined performance level via the criteria determined by the teacher, they are assessed and allowed to move to the next task.

12. Personalized System for Instruction
Badminton example:
Workbook with skills on short and deep serve, three types of clears, forehand and backhand drive shots, overhead smash, and forehand and backhand drop shot.
On the first day, explain principles of PSI
Students begin working at their own pace, each day picking up where they left off.
The teacher clarifies skills and activities for students, observes students attaining criteria, and giving feedback.

13. Personalized System for Instruction
1. Short Serve
2. Long Serve
3. Forehands and Backhands
4. Drive Shots
5. Smash
5. Smash

14. Personalized System for Instruction
Badminton example:
Task # 3 – In this task, you are going to serve short but now to a smaller area. You are going to still serve to the front half of the court….
(continued) Practice in attempts of 10. Record your results. When you get a least 5 out of 10, 3 times, into one of the smaller boxes, initial and date your recording form. Then move onto the next task.
Attem-pt 1
Attem-pt 2
Attem-pt 3
Attem-pt 4
Attem-pt 5
Attem-pt 6
Attem-pt 7
Attem-pt 8
Attem-pt 9
Attem-pt 10
_/10

15. Jigsaw Model Also called the peer teaching model
Students are assigned to teach a skill, combination of skills, or a strategy/tactic to their classmates.
Students take on all aspects of a lesson such as demonstrating tasks, reciting cues, giving feedback, and assessing their learners (peer assessment is not admissible as grades).
They are grade according to a rubric
The teacher provides resources to assist “lesson” development.

16. Jigsaw Model
The teacher should ensure quality by limiting the number of cues, clearly demonstrating the cues, providing assessments, and providing suggested learning activities.
Organizational Formats
One group teaches the entire class with each group member leading instruction at different points.
Each group has a leader who teaches all of the lessons in a unit.

17. Jigsaw Model
A variation of the jigsaw model would be to have students create a game with a pre-arranged list of equipment

18. SPARK Sport, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids
Goal: Put kids on the right path towards health and physical activity while they are young and before you have to CHANGE habits.
Focus is a comprehensive health-related elementary physical education program
Commercial product (costs $)
See Dr. Housner’s PPT

19. Closing Thoughts on PE Models
Some models are stand-alone models (primary models) meaning they can be done all year without significant modifications.
My suggestion would be to have a couple primary models for your grade level but to vary instruction (keep it fresh) by using secondary models and various teaching styles.

20. Closing Thoughts on PE Models
Suggested Model Sequence
K-2(3) – Movement exploration (inquiry)
Start off with basic concepts/skills and progress to more difficult ones (movement sequences)
3-5 – Skill themes
Build basic skills, start with throw/catch for example and end with punt receiving, field goal kicking, and combinations of skills.
6-8 – Sport education/adventure education/tactical games
Ideal time for adventure (personal and group growth)
9(10) – Fitness education & or elective lifetime activities
10-12 – Elective lifetime activities (can use a variety of models)

21. Closing Thoughts on PE Models
Fitness should be incorporated throughout every grade and every model.
Use the secondary models as a stand-alone approach or incorporate concepts into your primary approaches (take the good, leave the bad):
Multi-activity model
Tactical games
Personalized system for instruction
Jigsaw

22. Remember ~
EVERY DAY:
make it fun
make it active
make it educational