1. Blood
Quiz 25B

2. The life of an individual depends on a continuous supply of blood to all parts of the body. If this supply should fail the cell dies.

3. Blood carries:
Food
Oxygen
Hormones
waste products
enzymes

4. Functions of blood Supply cells with food and oxygen
Remove waste products
Fight disease germs

5. Blood Stats Blood is a liquid tissue. Adults have 3-5 quarts of blood.
80 pound child has approximately 2.5 quarts
9 pound infant has approximately 10 ounces
high altitudes - has less oxygen - may have up to 2 quarts more blood

6. blood has 4 main parts
plasma
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

7. ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
appear as red, biconcave discs
don't have nuclei
most numerous of all blood cells
can't move by themselves

8. ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
carry oxygen from lungs to body cells
carry carbon dioxide from body cells to lungs
hemoglobin: iron-containing pigment; gives it its red color

9. ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
formed primarily by your spleen, liver, and red bone marrow
life span approximately days

10. ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
normal person contain 25 trillion erythrocytes - enough to go around the earth at the equator 4 times

11. ERYTHROCYTES – red blood cells
old red blood cells are removed from the blood at a rate of 2 million per second
destroyed mainly in your liver and spleen

12. LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
lack hemoglobin
about twice the size of erythrocytes
possess no definite shape
ability to move by themselves

13. LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
have nuclei
in a healthy person - ratio of leukocytes to erythrocytes is approximately 1:600

14. LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
some are made in bone marrow and others in spleen, tonsils, and thymus gland
life span is approximately 1 to 12 days

15. LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
the body needs leukocytes to defend itself from bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances

16. LEUKOCYTES – white blood cells
there are different types of leukocytes, but all have 1 of 2 functions:
(1) engulf and digest
(2) produce antibodies (chemicals that attack invading organisms or poisons)

17. An infection is the invasion of harmful
organisms into the body. When the first
leukocytes are not successful in stopping the
infection, the invading organisms are free to
multiply and injure body cells, which results
in a swelling and redness called an
inflammation in the infected part of the body.
Chemicals that are released from the injured
cells cause additional leukocytes to move out
of blood vessels in order to engulf and digest,
or to kill, the harmful invaders.

18. The leukocytes also digest and remove
injured and dead body cells. The
accumulation of dead leukocytes, dead
organisms, and broken cells forms a
thick fluid called pus, which is
characteristic of infections.

19. PLATELETS
very small cell fragments that help in blood clotting
develop from large cells in the red bone marrow
lacks a nucleus
less than 1/2 or 1/3 the size of an erythrocyte
life span is approximately 1 week

20. BLOOD PLASMA - fluid portion of blood
approximately 90% water
remaining 10% is mostly proteins (also dissolved gases, minerals, nutrients, hormones, and wastes)

21. Blood Clotting

22. BLOOD PRESSURE
Quiz 25B Continued

23. Blood Pressure
As your heart beats and the left ventricle forces blood into the aorta, the elastic walls of the arteries expand.
This wave of expansion moves down the aorta and along smaller arteries.
As the wave passes, the elastic walls of the arteries resume their normal size.

24. Blood Pressure
This dilation and rebounding of an artery is the PULSE.
There is no pulse in a vein because the force of the heart contraction has been absorbed by the blood flowing into the numerous capillaries.
The velocity of blood flow is not uniform throughout the body.

25. blood pressure: the pressure of blood against the walls of arteries
it is the same pressure that causes the pulse
blood pressure can be measured with a SPHYGMOMANOMETER.

26. systolic pressure
blood pressure
when the heart is
contracting

27. Diastolic pressure
blood pressure
while the heart
is relaxing

28. normal blood pressure
120 (systolic)
80(diastolic)

29. high blood pressure 150 (systolic) 90(diastolic)
If the systolic pressure rises to 200 mm Hg or above, there is real danger that an artery may rupture.

30. Blood Grouping (Blood Types)
Quiz 25B Continued

31. Blood Types
Determined by the presence or absence of certain molecules in the membranes of the erythrocytes.
These molecules, called antigens, stimulate the production of antibodies.
Specialized blood cells produce these antibodies, which are located in the blood plasma.

32. Important in blood transfusions
Blood Types
Important in blood transfusions
(the giving of blood):
donor - person who gives blood
recipient - person who receives blood

33. The two blood type classifications: (that are most important in blood transfusion)
ABO group
Rh system

34. ABO blood group
discovered in 1901 by Karl Landsteiner
determined by the presence or absence of two antigens A and B

35. ABO blood group blood types:
A - has antigen A B - has antigen B AB - has both antigens A and B O - has neither antigen

36. ABO blood group
In addition to antigens, 3 of these 4 blood types also possess antibodies. The particular antibodies, however, were not present at birth but were produced between the 2nd and 8th months of life as the body responded to antigens A and B in the person's food, especially meat. Therefore if a person has type A blood, his body produces anti-B antibodies.

37. ABO blood group Blood Type Antigen Antibody A anti-B B anti-A AB A & B
None O
anti-A & B

38. ABO blood group Antigens: in red blood cell membrane
Antibodies: in blood plasma
most common - type O rare - type AB

39. ABO blood group
Type
% of Population A
40% B
10% AB 4% O
46%

40. Preferred type for transfusion Other types used in emergencies
Blood Transfusions
Recipients’
Blood type
Preferred type for transfusion
Other types used in emergencies A O B AB
A, B, or O
none

41. Blood Transfusions
The first successful human blood transfusion was accomplished in 1818 by James Blundell.
universal recipient: type AB universal donor: type O

42. The Rh System
Named after the rhesus monkey from which the Rh antigen was first isolated.
It too is based on the presence or absence of an antigen in the red blood cell's membrane.

43. The Rh System Rh types: Rh+ (have the Rh antigen; 85% of population)
Rh- (does not have the Rh antigen; 15% of population)

44. The Rh System
Normally, human blood plasma does not contain anti-Rh antibodies, but these antibodies can be stimulated into production in an Rh- person.
For example, when and Rh- person receives Rh+ blood, his body begins to form anti-Rh antibodies. These antibodies remain in his blood plasma. Later, if a second transfusion of Rh+ blood is administered, the anti-Rh antibodies react with the Rh antigens of the donor's blood.

45. Blood Type
% Frequency O+
38% O- 7% A+
34% A- 6% B+ 9% B- 2%
AB+ 3%
AB- 1%

46. Typing Blood
O Obtain a Blood Test Card and 3 toothpicks. Place a drop of Anti-A serum (blue) in the circle labeled “Anti-A.” Replace the cap on the Anti-A vial. Always replace the cap on one vial before opening the next vial to prevent cross contamination.
Place a drop of Anti-B serum (yellow) in the circle labeled “Anti-B” and then replace the cap.

47. Typing Blood
Place a drop of Anti-D serum (clear) in the circle labeled “Anti-D.” Replace the cap on the Anti-D vial.
Place a drop of blood in each “blood” circle.

48. Mix each drop of blood with the anti-serum adjoining it.
Typing Blood
Mix each drop of blood with the
anti-serum adjoining it.

49. Typing Blood
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-A serum, then you have type A blood.
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-B serum, then you have type B blood.

50. Typing Blood
If your blood cells stick together when they are mixed with both anti-A and anti-B serums, then you have type AB blood.
If your blood cells do not stick together in the presence of either serum, then you have type O blood.

51. Typing Blood
If your blood cells stick together when mixed with anti-Rh serum, then you have type Rh-positive blood.
If your blood does not clot when mixed with anti-Rh serum, then you have type Rh-negative blood.