1. 1 Lecture #8 Purpose of SSRD Describe Capability Requirements: system subject matter measured by concrete means Describe Project, Level of Service, and Evolutionary (non-functional) Requirements: Behavioral properties of functions (performance, usability, etc.) Describe Global Constraints: constraints that apply to the entire system as a whole (including interface, environment and Data reqs) Mandates (must, shall, will): how the system must be implemented with respect to general tech. Copyright 2000 by USC and the Center for Software Engineering, all rights reserved.

2. 2 Lecture #8 Requirements in General Describe a contract between the developers and the customer –customer: if the developers build these requirements, then I agree that the system is built –developer: if I build these requirements, then I have built a satisfactory system for the customer this is very misleading and full of strong assumptions! Important: all requirements must be implementable and testable Gotchas: –vague requirements –volatile requirements –hidden or implied requirements

3. 3 Lecture #8 SSRD Completion Criteria (LCO) Top-level capabilities, interfaces, quality attribute levels: Growth vectors (evolution reqs), Priorities Stakeholders Concurrence on Essentials Requirements Satisfiable by at least one system/software architecture

4. 4 Lecture #8 SSRD Completion Criteria (LCA) Elaboration of capabilities, interfaces, quality attributes by iteration. Resolution of TBDs, Elaboration of evolution reqs Stakeholders concurrence on priority concerns (prioritization) Traces SSRD (and indirectly to FRD, LCP) Requirements satisfiable by the architecture in the SSAD

5. 5 Lecture #8 SSRD Audience and Participants Audience Domain Expert and Customer (decision makers) Implementers and Architects Participants Same stakeholders as WinWin negotiation

6. 6 Lecture #8 SSRD High-Level Dependencies (Page 1) SSRD Depends on WinWin Taxonomy Outline of SSRD evolves from taxonomy No one-size-fits-all taxonomy or requirements description Importance of adapting taxonomy to domain SSRD Depends on OCD for: Statement of Purpose Project Goals System Responsibilities Evolution Requirements (Changes Considered but Not Included)

7. 7 Lecture #8 SSRD High-Level Dependencies (Page 2) SSRD Depends on Prototype for: User Interface Requirements Additional documents depend on SSRD: SSAD to obtain System and Project Requirements LCP to relate requirement priorities to system increments or to requirements to be dropped in a design-to- cost/schedule development plan FRD to check for satisfaction of: Capability, Interface, Quality, and Evolution Requirements

8. 8 Lecture #8 Purpose of SSAD Documents the Architectural Analysis and the System Design, blueprint Serves As A Bridge between Engineering (Inception and Elaboration) and Construction Phase The SSAD is refined during the Construction Phase into a Software Detailed Design Specification The SSAD should not repeat information from other documents: reference other information. Vital to project integration and cohesion. Conciseness is paramount

9. 9 Lecture #8 SSAD Completion Criteria (LCO) Top-level definition of at least one feasible architecture: Physical/Logical elements, choices of COTS and reusable elements, detailed analysis Feasibility Criterion: a system built to the architecture would support the operational concept, satisfy the requirements, be faithful to the prototypes, and be buildable within the budgets and schedules in the Life Cycle Plan Identify infeasible architecture options

10. 10 Lecture #8 SSAD Completion Criteria (LCA) Choice of architecture and elaboration by iteration: physical/logical components, COTS, Architectural style, deployment considerations, critical algorithms, analysis issues resolved in design Architecture evolution parameters Complete design for each component of the system Tracing to and from OCD/SSRD Assurance of Satisfaction of Feasibility Criterion

11. 11 Lecture #8 SSAD Audience and Participants Audience Domain Expert for System Analysis Implementers for System Design Participants System Architect Domain Experts (to validate analysis models) Implementers (to validate design models) Project Managers (to test feasibility)

12. 12 Lecture #8 SSAD High-Level Dependencies SSAD depends on OCD for: Statement of Purpose Project Goals and Constraints System Responsibilities SSAD depends on SSRD for: System Definition and Requirements Level of Service Requirements Project Requirements FRD depends on SSAD to ensure that: Project, Capability, Interface, and Evolution Requirements are achievable

13. 13 Lecture #8 Starting Your Project Meet with your team –communication basic approach alternatives fail-safe, crunch times, etc. –designate basic responsibilities leads not do-all be flexible –risks, constraints, problems –expectations for project stick with positive only

14. 14 Lecture #8 Starting Your Project Meet with your TA –communication how your TA can help between –your team and the customer –your team and the class –discuss class expectations and possible problems scheduling of reviews grading concerns resource issues project concerns

15. 15 Lecture #8 Starting Your Project Meet with your customer –communication basic approach alternatives fail-safe, crunch times, etc. –Domain interview (see recitation!) CDL (OCD 4.) Start building DD (OCD 2.) –Scope project (simps/comps) manage expectations –discuss top risks and their severity –Discuss next steps WinWin negotiations

16. 16 Lecture #8 Purpose of LCP Basis for monitoring and controlling the projects progress Basis for controlling the project's progress in achieving the software product objectives Helps make the best use of people and resources throughout the life cycle Provides evidence that the developers have thought through the major life cycle issues in advance Organized to answer the most common questions about a project or activity: why, what, when, who, where, how, how much, and whereas Maintaining the conceptual integrity between the tasks and the things they create/solve is a prime quality criterion.

17. 17 Lecture #8 LCP Completion Criteria (LCO) ID life-cycle stakeholders: users, customers, developers, maintainers, interfacers, general public, others Top-level stages, increments: Top-level WWWWWHH (Why, What, When, Who, Where, How, How Much) by stage Major risks Identified Achieve deliverables, budgets, and schedules: by at least one system/software architecture

18. 18 Lecture #8 LCP Completion Criteria (LCA) Elaboration of WWWWWHH for Initial Operational Capability (IOC). Partial elaboration, identification of key TBDs for later increments All major risks resolved or covered by risk management plan Achieve deliverables, budgets and schedules by the architecture in the SSAD

19. 19 Lecture #8 LCP Audience and Participants Audience Primarily for the performer teams in each stage Important for customers Useful for other stakeholders. Participants Project Manager: leads the baselining of the plan for that stage. Plans for future stages: done by a designated team member during Engineering Stage. Stakeholders should participate: if affected by plan

20. 20 Lecture #8 LCP High-Level Dependencies Products specified by Requirements and Architecture must be buildable and supportable within the budgets and schedules in the Life Cycle Plan. Plans for transition and support must be consistent with the Operational Concept Description.

21. 21 Lecture #8 Purpose of FRD Ensure feasibility and consistency of other package components (OCD, SSRD, SSAD, LCP, Prototype) Demonstrate viable business case for the system Identify shortfalls in ensuring feasibility, consistency, and business case as project risk items for LCP Demonstrate that a system built using the specified architecture (described in the SSAD) and life cycle process (described in the LCP) will fulfill prediction of other docs Rationalize life cycle decisions in a way the prime audience (the customer and users) and other stakeholders can understand Enable the customers to participate in the decision process and to express their satisfaction with the product

22. 22 Lecture #8 FRD Completion Criteria (LCO) LCO Assurance of consistency among elements above for at least one feasible architecture. Via analysis, measurement, prototyping, simulation, etc.. Business case analysis for reqs, feasible architectures LCA Assurance of consistency among elements above for the architecture specified in the SSAD All major risks resolved or covered by risk management plan

23. 23 Lecture #8 FRD Audience The primary audiences are the LCO and LCA Architecture Review Board members –Key system stakeholders –Experienced peers –Technical Specialists in critical areas The parts dealing with client satisfaction must be understandable by the client representatives on the ARB. The technical parts must be sufficiently detailed and well organized to enable the peers and technical experts to efficiently assess the adequacy of the technical rationale. Valuable to developers and other stakeholders, provides a rationale for important decisions made by the project.

24. 24 Lecture #8 FRD Participants Project manager responsible for content OCD author should prepare business case All stakeholders responsible for consistency and feasibility via Win-Win negotiations Agreements can be contingent on demonstration of feasibility

25. 25 Lecture #8 FRD High-Level Dependencies The thoroughness of the Feasibility Rationale is dependent on the thoroughness of all the other LCO and LCA components. Issues incompletely covered in the Feasibility Rationale are sources of risk, whose management should be covered in the Life Cycle Plans (LCP) Risk Management and Monitoring Procedures section (LCP 4.1)

26. 26 Lecture #8 WinWin User Negotiations Teams work with representative users –Art, cinema, engineering, business, etc. –Begin with system responsibilities of top needs Use WinWin to balance user needs with customer and developer win conditions (WinWin to be introduced later)

27. 27 Lecture #8 Your project will succeed if and only if You make winners of all the critical stakeholders Usually: Users, customers, developers, maintainers Sometimes: Interfacers, testers, reusers, general public The Fundamental Success Condition

28. 28 Lecture #8 Proposed Solution WinnerLoser Cheap, Sloppy Product (Buyer knows best) Lots of bells and whistles (Cost-plus) Driving too hard a bargain (Best and Final offers) Developer & Customer Developer & User Customer & User User Customer Developer Win-Lose Evolves into Lose-Lose

29. 29 Lecture #8 WinWin Stakeholder Roles Developer: The Architecture and Prototype team members will represent developer concerns, such as use of familiar packages, stability of requirements, availability of support tools, and technically challenging approaches. Customers: The Rationale team member will represent customer concerns, such as the need to develop an IOC in one semester, limited budgets for support tools, and low-risk technical approaches. User: The Operational Concept and Requirements team members will work with their designated user-community representative to represent user concerns, such as particular multimedia access features, fast response time, friendly user interfaces, high reliability, and flexibility of requirements.

30. 30 Lecture #8 1. Identify success-critical stakeholders 2. Identify stakeholders win conditions 3. Identify win condition conflict issues 4. Negotiate top-level win-win agreements –Invent options for mutual gain –Explore option tradeoffs –Manage expectations 5. Embody win-win agreements into specs and plans 6. Elaborate steps 1-5 until product is fully developed –Confront, resolve new win-lose, lose-lose risk items Theory W Management Steps

31. 31 Lecture #8 - Win-Win Developers Win Space - Win-Lose Users Win Space - Win-Lose - Lose-Lose Win-Win, Win-Lose, and Lose-Lose Situations

32. 32 Lecture #8 Product developer can build in 12 months Product user wants in 12 months Getting to Win-Win: COCOMO F-16 Example

33. 33 Lecture #8 Product developer can build in 12 months Product user wants in 12 months Add Technology, Key People Prioritize Development Increments Getting to Win-Win: COCOMO F-16 Example

34. 34 Lecture #8 Win Condition Rationale Attachments Agreement Rationale Attachments Option Rationale Attachments Issue Rationale Attachments Involves Addresses Adopts Covers WinWin Negotiation Model

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