1. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Application of Hyperspectral Data Bio-sciences Lammert Kooistra and Michael Schaepman Wageningen University

2. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Introduction

3. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Introduction Bio-science applications originating from imaging spectrometer data products are in most cases indirectly derived and require the use of ‘models’ (e.g., radiances – PRI – LUE – DVM – Biodiversity). Directly derived bio-science applications from imaging spectrometer data are sparse (e.g., LUCC) or often site specific. Wageningen UR (CGI) is currently focusing on the integration of imaging spectrometer data derived products into dynamic vegetation models.

4. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Applications I Variables –Mostly being used as input for a model that needs to produce a spatially explicit output Parameters –Mostly being used to constrain a model or other parameters (not too much relevance for the bio- domain) Applications –Higher level product the involves the use of {statistical, physical} models Products –Can be any of the above

5. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Applications II Relevant Bio-Science Variables –At-sensor radiance –Surface reflectance –(Spectral) Albedo –fAPAR –fCover / gap fraction –LAI –Leaf/canopy pigments (Chlorophyll, Xantophyll, Cellulose, etc.) –Leaf/canopy water –Leaf/canopy dry matter –Foliage temperature –Soil temperature –fLiving/fDead biomass (litter) / SOC

6. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Applications III Relevant Bio-Science Products –Albedo –Efficiency (Light Use, Water Use, Rain Use) –LUCC, VCC –GPP, aNPP, NPP –Biodiversity –Ecosystem, habitat, species distribution –Crop growth and yield estimation –Plant stress (nitrogen; water) –Forest inventories (e.g., forest area, forest type, fragmentation, biomass, stem volume, crown diameter) –Carbon sequestration (reforestation, afforestation, deforestation) –Ecosystem resilience –Ecosystem services –Fire (health, water stress, fuel type, activation energy)

7. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Application IV Imaging spectroscopy measures radiance (with spatial (2D), spectral, temporal, directional (2D), and polarization dependencies) However the reflectance of a canopy is a function of its geometry, structure, biochemistry, and geochemistry. We employ mainly quantitative statistical or physical models (or a combination of both) to bridge the gap that imaging spectroscopy cannot measure any of the canopy parameters directly (sometimes this is (erroneously) referred to as being the ill-posed problem)

8. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Example I f APAR PRI ANPP (LUE approach) MJm -2 day -1 Regional estimates of aboveground Net Primary Productivity (aNPP) for a river floodplain Issues: -Regional scale ecosystem modeling -DVM initialisation, calibration and validation -Scenario development including human impact Aduaka, U. et al., 2006

9. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Example II Species abundance maps f APAR PRI Issues: -Level of detail increases with increasing spatial resolution -Many RTM’s are sensitive to the shadow fraction -Parameterizations of models need to account horizontal competition Spatial abundance map for Rubus caesius based on combined approach of SMA and radiative transfer modelling PFT1: Grazed Grassland PFT2: mixed herb Liras, E. et al., 2005

10. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Example III Field / Laboratory Observations DART 3D spruce „mock-up“ Laboratory measurement of the needle optical properties Radiative Transfer Modelling (DART) Spatial (3D) measurement of the tree structural parameters RGB = NIR,G,B  v = 48°  v = 225° NADIR simulated forest OFF-NADIR simulated forest stand Malenovsky, Z. et al., 2006

11. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Example IV Three Gorges Region,China EO-1 Hyperion data Zheng, Y. et al., 2006 Issues: -Bridging scaling gaps from local to regional -Combined physical and statistical model calibration -Assessing ecosystem services

12. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Example V l h Acerbi, F. et al., 2006

13. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Example VI Sub-pixel Land Cover mapping with MERIS Identification of endmembers Sub-pixel accuracy Reference dataset (LGN) Zurita-Milla, R. et al., 2006 Issues: -Requirement to map LUCC at high spatial resolution -Vegetation Cover Conversion (state vectors) -Phenology

14. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments I Bridging scaling gaps will be come more relevant (genetics – molecules – leaves – plants – canopies – ecosystems)

15. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

16. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments II In-situ networks (SensorWeb), data assimilation and applied optimal estimation methods will further constrain degrees of freedom

17. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

18. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments III In coupled human-environment systems monitoring of transitional zones (ecotones – habitat, ecosystem boundaries) deserve more attention

19. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

20. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments IV Holistic views striving to describe the Earth System better in all relevant aspects will result in more detailed spectroscopic analysis

21. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

22. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

23. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments V 3-D radiative transfer approaches in partly cloudy atmospheres

24. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

25. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments VI Biochemical applications concentrate on the retrieval of moisture content, C, N, and (potentially) P cycles

26. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions

27. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Developments VII Coupled systems (soil-vegetation- atmosphere transfer (SVAT)) must emphasize on the soil component

28. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Discussion Points Imaging spectroscopy of vegetation is one of the most challenging applications in remote sensing due to the multitude of simultaneously influencing factors and that none of the measurements is a direct measurement Semantic interoperability is the (unexplored) link between remote sensing and vegetation research (PFT, Albedo, reflectance, etc.) In characterizing the SVAT (soil-vegetation-atmosphere- transfer) scheme, the S remains the least explored so far (no parametric soil model avaiable)

29. SWOT and User Needs Workshop, DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, 5-6 July 2006 HYRESSA - HYperspectral REmote Sensing in Europe specific Support Actions Discussion Points Spectral band redundancy discussions should be replaced with full spectral coverage discussions, making use of the contiguity criterion of spectral measurements Spectroscopy has most significantly advanced the understanding of interactions of photons with vegetation. We are looking forward for photon-matter interactions. Spectroscopy alone will not be able to solve current issues to the full extend: we need phenology (time series), ground measurements (data assimilation), and other technologies (fluorescence, SAR, LIDAR, etc.) to complement spectroscopy