1. Introduction to animals
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2. Traits
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3. Characteristics of Animals
All multicellular (metazoans)
Eukaryotes (cells with nucleus & organelles)
Ingestive heterotrophs (take in food and internally digest it)
Store food reserves as glycogen
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4. Lions Feeding (Ingestion)
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5. Support Systems Have some type of skeletal support
Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone
Exoskeletons found in arthropods
Cover the outside of the body
Limit size
Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators
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6. Cicada Molting Exoskeleton
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7. Support Systems
Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support
Called hydrostatic skeletons
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8. Movement
Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving)
Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam)
Animals that can move are motile
Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement
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9. SESSILE
SEDENTARY
Chiton
Sponge
MOTILE
Cheetah
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10. Reproduction in Animals
All animals are capable of sexual reproduction
Some animals like sponges and earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm
Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize their own eggs
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11. Leeches Exchange Sperm During Mating
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12. Reproduction in Animals
Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs develop without being fertilized
Called Parthenogenesis
New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of frogs and lizards
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13. Parthenogenesis in the Komodo Dragon
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14. Mating and Mating Behaviors
Female
Beetles Mating
Young
Courtship
Male
Mating and Mating Behaviors
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15. Levels of Organization
Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level
All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system
Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions)
Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues
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16. Levels of Organization
Molecule or compound
Atom
Organelle
Levels of Organization
CELL
Life begins
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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17. Invertebrate groups
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18. Characteristics of Invertebrates
Simplest animals
Contain the greatest number of different species
Most are aquatic (found in water)
Do NOT have a backbone
Includes sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, annelids, mollusks, arthropods, and echinoderms
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19. Sponge - Porifera
Osculum of Sponge
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20. Sea Anemone - Cnidaria
Tentacles of Sea Anemone
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21. More Cnidarians
Brain Coral
Red jellyfish
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22. Flatworms - Platyhelminthes
Marine Flatworm
Planarian
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23. Roundworms (Nematoda) and Segmented Worms (Annelida)
Nematode
Leech (segmented worm)
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24. Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail
scallop
octopus
nudibranch
nautilus
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25. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
crayfish
Horseshoe crab
Dung beetle
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26. Echinoderms starfish Sea fan (crinoid) Brittle star Sand dollar
Sea cucumber
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27. Vertebrate Groups
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28. Vertebrata More complex animals
Most have a backbone made up of individual bones called vertebrae
From simplest to most complex, the phylum includes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
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29. Vertebrate Backbone
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30. Vertebrata Vertebrates have endoskeletons (internal)
Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates)
Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals)
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31. Bone & Cartilage in Fetus
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32. Fish
lancelet
ray
damselfish
anglerfish
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33. Amphibia
salamander
toad
frog
newt
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34. Reptilia
Turtle
Snake
Lizard
Alligator
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35. Birds - Aves
hummingbird
ostrich
lovebirds
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36. Mammalia
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37. Body Areas
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38. Surfaces Dorsal – back or upper surface
Ventral – belly or lower surface
Anterior – head or front end
Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head
Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located (underside)
Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)
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39. Surfaces (Most Animals)
DORSAL
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
VENTRAL
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40. Surfaces (Echinoderms)
ORAL
ABORAL
mouth
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41. Symmetry
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42. Body Symmetry
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43. Body Symmetry
Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis
Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections (sponges)
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44. Body Symmetry
Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little)
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46. Body Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane
Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
More complex type of symmetry
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47. Body Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile
Animals have an anterior and posterior ends
Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)
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49. Segmentation
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50. Segmentation
Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments
Found in more complex animals
Earthworms show external segmentation
Humans show internal segmentation (backbone)
Segments may fuse (cephalothorax)
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51. Segmentation
cephalothorax
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52. Tissues
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53. Tissue Development
Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage
Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula
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54. Blastula
The blastocoel is the center cavity of the blastula with 1 germ layer (blastoderm)
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55. Tissue Development
The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point)
Called Gastrulation
The opening is called the blastopore
The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron
Archenteron
blastopore
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56. Tissue Development
Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus (Deuterostome)
Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids)
Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates)
Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm
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57. Embryonic Development
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58. Germ Layers Form tissues, organs, & systems NOT present in sponges
Ectoderm (outer) – forms skin, nerves, sense organs
Endoderm (inner) – forms liver and lungs
Mesoderm (middle) – forms muscles & other systems
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59. Body Layers Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells
Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers & one body opening (mouth/anus) into gastrovascular cavity
Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like mesoglea between the layers
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61. Body Layers
All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
mesoderm
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62. Embryonic Cleavage
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63. Cleavage Cleavage – rapid mitosis (cell division) of zygote
Radial Cleavage – cells divide parallel or perpendicular to axis to each other
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64. Cleavage
Spiral Cleavage – cellular divisions occur diagonally, in a twisting pattern
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66. Stages of Development
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67. Larval Forms Animals with Indirect development
Go through immature (larval) forms
Larva does NOT resemble adult
Cnidarian (jellyfish, coral, & sea anemone) larva called Planula
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68. Larval Forms Mollusk (squid & octopus) larva called trochophore
Echinoderm (starfish) larva is called Dipleurula
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69. Metamorphosis Usually found in arthropods
May be complete or incomplete
Incomplete Metamorphosis:
egg nymph adult
Complete Metamorphosis:
egg larva pupa adult
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70. Metamorphosis
COMPLETE
INCOMPLETE
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71. Body Cavities
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72. Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
Body organs suspended in this cavity
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73. Coelom - Body Cavity
Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells
Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms
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74. Coelom - Body Cavity
Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm
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75. Animal Systems
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76. Support Systems Spongin & spicules (sponges) Limestone cases (corals)
Exoskeletons of Chitin (arthropods)
Limits size
Must be shed or molted to grow
Animal vulnerable to predators during molting
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77. Support Systems
Hydrostatic skeleton – fluid filled body cavity (worms)
Inner Calcium plates or Test (echinoderms)
Bone and/or cartilage endoskeleton (vertebrates)
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78. Exoskeletons Must Be Molted

79. Endoskeletons Grow with the Animal

80. Digestive Systems All animals are ingestive heterotrophs
Choanocytes (specialized cells) capture & digest food for sponges
Gastrovascular cavity with one opening in cnidarians and flatworms for food to enter & leave; called two-way digestive system
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81. Gastrovascular Cavity with Mouth Only (Cnidarians)

82. Two-Way Digestion
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83. Digestive Systems
Animals with a one-way digestive system have a mouth and an anus
Food enters the mouth, continues in one direction through the digestive tract, and wastes leave through the anus
Includes annelids, arthropods, & vertebrates
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84. One-Way Digestion
Mouth
anus
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85. Circulatory Systems Transports oxygen & nutrients to cells
Carries away wastes & carbon dioxide from cells
Sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms do NOT have circulatory systems
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86. Circulatory Systems
In closed circulation, blood remains inside blood vessels until it reaches cells (annelids & vertebrates)
In open circulation, blood is pumped out of blood vessels to bathe tissues in the body cavity or hemocoel (arthropods & mollusks)
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87. Open Circulation Closed Circulation
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88. Respiratory System Taking in O2 & releasing CO2
Gases can diffuse across moist surfaces (earthworms)
Gills filter O2 from water (aquatic animals)
Lungs take O2 from air (terrestrial animals)
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89. Skin breather
Gills
Lungs
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90. Nervous System Coordinates the activities of the animal’s body
Neurons – nerve cells that transmit electrochemical signals
Nerve net - network of neurons, very little coordination
Ganglion – clusters of neurons; may serve as a simple brain
Brain – control center at anterior end
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92. Excretory System
Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes from the body
Diffusion is used by simple aquatic animals
Flame cells remove wastes in flatworms
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93. Excretory System
Coiled tubules called nephridia remove nitrogen wastes in arthropods
Terrestrial animals remove wastes with Kidneys
May be paired (most vertebrates)
May be single as in birds
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95. Reproductive System
Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind
All animals reproduce by sexual reproduction (produce eggs and sperm)
Some animals also use asexual reproduction creating identical offspring
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96. Types of Animal Asexual Reproduction
Regeneration or Fragmentation is the breaking off of pieces and the re-growth of a new organism
Found in simple animals like Sponges and Flatworms
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97. Budding occurs in hydra whenever a growth on the parent is released
Creates a clone
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98. Komodo dragon is an example
Parthenogenesis – females produce eggs that develop unfertilized into female organisms
Komodo dragon is an example
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99. Most hermaphrodites do NOT fertilize their own eggs
Hermaphrodite are animals like earthworms that produce BOTH eggs and sperm
Most hermaphrodites do NOT fertilize their own eggs
Mate to exchange sperm
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100. Fertilization
External – sperm and eggs are released into water where they are fertilized
Internal – sperm and egg are fertilized inside the female animal’s body
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