1. Eduardo J Salazar-Vega MHP CPH

3.  Ergo = work  Nomos = laws  It is an applied scientific/engineering discipline concerned with the interaction among systems and the people who operate and maintain them  OSHA defines it as “the study of the design of requirements of work in relation to the physical and physiological capabilities and limitations of people Whenever a human becomes part of the operation of a system, ergonomics become a necessary consideration

4. Ergonomics PhysiologyMedicine Anthropometrics Behavioral Science Engineering

5.  Psychological factors –attitude, motivation  Somatic factors –age, sex, health, size  Physiological factors –fuel, oxygen  Learning factors –training, knowledge, adaptability  Nature of work –intensity, duration, rhythm, technique, position  Environment –heat, cold, noise, altitude, pollution

6.  Reactive ergonomics –corrective actions after the event occurs  Proactive ergonomics –corrective actions taken before injuries and illnesses occur

7.  Tool/product design  Workplace Design  Integration of new technology  Environmental Conditions  Materials handling  Task/job design  Workstation design The goal of ergonomics is to make the workplace as adaptable as possible to the people who will be working on it.

8.  Control and display design  Location and orientation of work surfaces  Posture/work height and reaches  Movements/repetitions  Vibrations  Accessibility  Labels and location aids  Guarding and warnings  Hand tools  Machinery and equipment design  Size and shape of work objects  Weight of work equipment and objects

9.  Lighting/noise  Temperature/humidity  Housekeeping  Hazardous materials

10. BenefitsManufacturing Measures Increased operator acceptance Injury/illness frequency and associated costs Worker’s compensation Employee turnover Employee absenteeism Safety awareness Increased dependability or reliability Scrap (error) rate Maintenance costs Machine up-time Logistic support Safety awareness Flexibility and adaptability to change Reprogramming time/cost Modifiability Part change Safety awareness Increased efficiency and productivity Parts/hours (shift) Scrap (error) rate Safety awareness

11.  Trends in accidents and injuries  Incidence of cumulative trauma disorders  Absenteeism, high turnover rate  Employee complaints  Employee-generated changes in the workplace  Incentive pay systems  Excessive overtime and increased work rate  Poor product quality  Manual materials handling and repetitive motion tasks  Improperly designed workstations for disabled people

12. Job  Weight  Location  Frequency/Duration  Stability  Grip  Workplace geometry  Environment Personal  Sex  Strength  Age  Fitness  Anthropometry  Lifting techniques and training

13.  General observations  Questionnaires  Interviews  Video analysis  Photography  Drawing or sketching  Evaluation of workers capabilities  Measurement of various risk factors

14.  Awkward postures  High task repetition  High force required  Mechanical stress points  Cold temperatures  Fit of work gloves  Poor workstation design  Hand tool fit  Vibration sources

15.  Lifting from the floor  Lifting while twisting  Lifting heavy weights  Lifting bulky objects  Lifting repeatedly  Lifting above shoulder height  Lifting heavy items while seated  Pushing or pulling loads  Nature of hand holds  Storage methods  Parts staging  Floor condition in the work environment  Workstation layout  Conflicting movements  Poor posture  Bending

16. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/

17.  Horizontal Distance (H)  Vertical Distance (V)  Vertical Travel Distance (D)  Frequency of Task (F)  Duration of Task  Assymetry (A)  Coupling (C)  Weight of Load (L)

19.  Recommended Weight Limit RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM  Lifting Index LI = L/RWL

20.  RULA: Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (McAtamney & Corlett, 1993)  REBA: Rapid Entire Body Assessment (Hignett & McAtamney, 2000)