1. Assessment of ILS protection areas impact on large aircraft operations
Methodology
ENAC

2. Simulate these points with various modeling tools :
Selection of test points to be tested during real ground and flight measurements with an A380 aircraft
Simulate these points with various modeling tools :
To reduce the number of points to be measured to the most significant ones
To get some pre-measurement predictions in order to evaluate the prediction performances of the tools
The first step in this study was to select test points to measure the disturbances introduced by the A380 and its impact on the critical and sensitive areas.
This predefined set of test points has then be simulated by various ILS simulation tools in order to:
Reduce the number of points to be measured to the most significant ones
To get some pre-measurement predictions in order to evaluate the prediction performances of the tools

3. Analyze the measurements and evaluate the impact of the A380 on the size of the critical and sensitive areas
Compare the measurements with the predictions of the modeling tools and evaluate the correlation between simulations and measurements.
The measurements have then be analyzed to evaluate the impact of the A380 on the critical and sensitive areas. This was in fact the first objective of this study.
The second objective was to compare the measurements with the predictions of the modeling tools and evaluate the correlation between simulations and measurements

4. ILS simulation methodology
Simulation of the radiation patterns delivered by the ILS
Choose a method to simulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves and scattering on obstacles:
To simulate the output readings from an ILS receiver in presence of an ILS signal with interferences requires several steps.
Simulation of the radiation patterns delivered by the ILS as this has an impact on the incident signal on the obstacle.
Choose a method to simulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves and scattering on obstacles:

5. Multilevel Fast Multipole Method Physical Optics
Method of Moments
Multilevel Fast Multipole Method
Physical Optics
Improved Physical Optics
Geometrical Optics Geometrical theory of diffraction
Parabolic Equation
Etc…
Several methods are available.
Some of them (like the Method of Moments) give an exact solution of Maxwell’s equations.
Some others are called « asymptotic methods » and are based on some approximations valid under some conditions.
One condition for the Physical optics is for example that the distance from the obstacles to the transmitter and to the receiver has to be greater than 2d2/l , with d one of the dimension of the object.

6. Simulate the radiation pattern of the receiver’s antenna
Design a model of the object to evaluate (A380) that fits with the simulation method and represents the most critical parts involved in the scattering of electromagnetic waves
Simulate the radiation pattern of the receiver’s antenna
Design a model of the object to evaluate (A380) that fits with the simulation method and represents the most critical parts involved in the scattering of electromagnetic waves
Simulate the radiation pattern of the receiver’s antenna
Signals coming from different direction may be attenuated differently.

7. Simulate the receiver signal processing
Simulate the measurement path and receiver speed
Receiver from different manufacturer may give other readout for the same ILS signal.
Measurement path and receiver speed have also to be simulated.
As we will see later the speed plays an important role.

8. ILS simulation tools
AXIS from NANCO, Oslo DOS program based on Physical Optics
ATOLL from ENAC, Toulouse Windows program based on Physical Optics
NPPM from OHIO University Windows program based on Physical Optics
IHSS 3D modeling from NAVCOM Consult
Several simulation tools have been used during this study.
I will now go trough all the steps of simulation in a little bit more details.

9. ILS radiation patterns
Toulouse Blagnac 14R
The reflected field from an object depends on the level of the incident signal which in turn depends on the radiation patterns of the ILS.
Here we have for example the radiation patterns from the 25 element Thomson array in use at runway 14R

10. Frankfurt 25L
At Frankfurt the runway 25L is setup with a 21/7 element array from THALES.
As the patterns from different ILS’s are different the incident and so the reflected signals from an object will be different.

11. A380 model Most realistic model
A 3D model of the A380 is the most suitable object to use for simulating the impact of the A380 on the ILS signal. This model has to be subdivided into a set of triangles in order to apply the Method of Moments to calculate the scattered electromagnetic fields. The Method of Moments gives an exact solution of Maxwell’s Equation for propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves.
For huge structures (like A380) the method requires however computers with huge processing power and storage capacities. The 3D model is not easy to handle and the computation time is very long (several hours for 1 scenario).
It was therefore interesting to see if simplified models (running on conventional PC’s and requiring only a few minutes to calculate a scenario) could also lead to realistic results.
Used for calculations with the Method of Moments

12. A380 model
Simplified models used in the simulation tools based on Physical Optics
NPPM model
The simplified method used in many ILS simulation tools is the Physical Optics. This asymptotic method gives an approximate solution of Maxwell’s equations and analytic solutions exist for rectangular plates as well as for cylinders.
The Navaids Performance Prediction Model from Ohio University uses several rectangular plates to model the A380.

13. Calculated with EMC2000 from EADS using the Method of Moments
A380 model
Predominant impact of tailfin
It is well known that the major impact from an aircraft on the ILS signal comes from his tail fin.
The Surface currents calculated with the Method of Moments confirms this. The red colored surfaces show the location of the highest surface current density which generate the reflected signal.
Simulating only this part of the aircraft may therefore give results in accordance with the measurements.
CSB Surface Currents
SBO Surface Currents
Calculated with EMC2000 from EADS using the Method of Moments

14. A380 model
Simplified models used in the simulation tools based on Physical Optics
ATOLL and AXIS model
The ILS simulation software ATOLL and AXIS are using this approximation to evaluate the interferences caused by the A380 on the ILS signal.

15. Radiation pattern of receiving measurements Antennas
DFS antenna
DSNA antenna
The radiation pattern of the receiving measurements Antenna has also an impact of the amplitude of the interference as the reflecting signal may more or less be attenuated.
For the ground measurements 3 types of antennas were used. Some of the evaluated software can simulate the antenna patterns of the receiving antenna.
ATOLL simulations

16. Receiver modeling Receiver impact on measurements
P11 bis  at Toulouse airport (Forward = 2886, sideway = 178, rotation = -30°)
R&S EVS200 + DSNA antenna
The behavior of different receivers may lead to significant differences in the measurements for a given interference. Modeling the characteristics of the receiver is therefore required to compare simulations with measurements.
On these measurements we can see a significant difference between measurements made with 2 different ILS ground receivers. Amplitude of raw dates are les than half with the ARTUS receiver compared to the EVS200.
ARTUS ° turned dipole antenna

17. Receiver modeling Receiver and speed impact on measurements
P11 bis  at Toulouse airport (Forward = 2886, sideway = 178, rotation = -30°)
Measurement at 40 km/h
Speed is also an important factor to evaluate and compare measurements with simulations.
Usually one expects an increase of the measured interference with decreasing speed. The 2 curves show the opposite. The filtered interference at 40 km/h is bigger than at 13 km/h.
As the direct and reflected signals are coming from different directions, it appears a frequency shift between those signals related to the Doppler effect. This Doppler shift can in some cases trigger capture effect in the receiver and lead to the mean deviation seen here at 40 km/h.
To get simulations in accordance with measurements this Doppler effect should be implemented in the simulation tools.
Measurement at 13 km/h

18. Lab measurements on some receivers and associated ATOLL models
Test setting
ILS
receiver
Some lab measurements have been conducted by DSNA as well as by DFS to evaluate the behavior of some ILS receivers in presence of a strong reflection of the course signal.
The ILS signals from two generators have been added and fed to the receivers. One signal was simulating the direct signal for a receiver on runway center line (DDM=0µA) and the second one a reflected signal. The level and the DDM from the reflected signal have been evaluated from real measurements in worst case situations.
The carrier frequency of the simulated reflected signal has then be changed gradually to simulate the Doppler effect.
The receiver model in ATOLL software has been adjusted to match the simulations with the measurements.

19. R&S EVS 300 Model parameters: LF band pass filters: 21HzNA
The receiver model in ATOLL consists of an AGC filter, 2 LF band pass filters for the LF 90HZ and 150Hz tones and 2 low pass detection filters.
This slide shows the measurements and the corresponding simulation of the EVS300 from R&S
Model parameters:
LF band pass filters: 21Hz
LF band pass filter order: 5
LF detection filter cut-off frequency: 8Hz
LF detection filter order: 2
AGC cut-off frequency: 9Hz
AGC filter order: 4

20. MMR Thales Model parameters: LF band pass filters: 4HzNA
Model parameters:
LF band pass filters: 4Hz
LF band pass filter order: 2
LF detection filter cut-off frequency: 3Hz
LF detection filter order: 2
AGC cut-off frequency: 10Hz
AGC filter order: 4

21. MMR Collins Model parameters: LF band pass filters: 10HzNA
Model parameters:
LF band pass filters: 10Hz
LF band pass filter order: 3
LF detection filter cut-off frequency: 6Hz
LF detection filter order: 2
AGC cut-off frequency: 3Hz
AGC filter order: 3

22. Some results P6: Tail Forward = 1579m, sideway = 57m, rotation = 90°
ATOLL simulation and measurements with DSNA receiver antenna (orange = raw data) and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = 26µA,
T2 = -29µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = 27 µA, T2 = -31µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2=-1µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = 28µA,
T2 = -30µA

23. Some results P6: Tail Forward = 1579m, sideway = 57m, rotation = 90°
AXIS simulation with omnidirectionnal antenna.
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = 35µA,
T2 = -40µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = 27 µA, T2 = -31µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2=-1µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = 28µA,
T2 = -30µA

24. Some results P6: Tail Forward = 1579m, sideway = 57m, rotation = 90°
NPPM simulation with omnidirectionnal antenna.
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = 36µA,
T2 = -38µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = 27 µA, T2 = -31µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2=-1µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = 28µA,
T2 = -30µA

25. Some results P6 bis: Tail Forward = 1579m, sideway = 83m,
rotation = 90°
IHSS simulation with DFS antenna.
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = 17µA,
T2 = -18µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = 17 µA, T2 = -20µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2=-1µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 18µA, T2 = -19 µA
T1 = 18µA,
T2 = -19µA

26. Some results P11 bis at 40 km/h : Tail Forward = 2886m,
sideway = 178m,
rotation = -30°
ATOLL simulation and measurements with DSNA receiver antenna (orange = raw data) and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = +8µA,
T2 = +4µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = +6 µA, T2 = +2µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2= 0µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = +7µA,
T2 = +2µA

27. Some results P11 bis at 40 km/h : Tail Forward = 2886m,
sideway = 178m,
rotation = -30°
AXIS simulation with omnidirectionnal antenna
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = +5µA,
T2 = +4µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = +6 µA, T2 = +2µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2= 0µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = +7µA,
T2 = +2µA

28. Some results P11 bis at 40 km/h : Tail Forward = 2886m,
sideway = 178m,
rotation = -30°
NPPM simulation with omnidirectionnal antenna
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = +3.5µA,
T2 = +3µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = +6 µA, T2 = +2µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1=-1µA, T2= 0µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = +7µA,
T2 = +2µA

29. Some results P11 bis at 13 km/h: Tail Forward = 2886m, sideway = 178m,
rotation = -30°
ATOLL simulation and measurements with DSNA receiver antenna (orange = raw data) and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = +3.5µA,
T2 = +4µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = +1 µA, T2 = +2µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1= 0µA, T2= 0µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = +1µA,
T2 = +2µA

30. Some results P11 bis at 13 km/h: Tail Forward = 2886m, sideway = 178m,
rotation = -30°
AXIS simulation with omnidirectionnal antenna
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = +5µA,
T2 = +4µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = +1 µA, T2 = +2µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1= 0µA, T2= 0µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = +1µA,
T2 = +2µA

31. Some results P11 bis at 13 km/h: Tail Forward = 2886m, sideway = 178m,
rotation = -30°
NPPM simulation with omnidirectionnal antenna
Measurements with DSNA receiver antenna and EVS200
Disturbance amplitude:
T1 = +3µA,
T2 = +3µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380: T1 = +1 µA, T2 = +2µA
Disturbance amplitude without A380 at same points: T1= 0µA, T2= 0µA
Disturbance amplitude with A380 only: T1 = 28µA, T2 = -30 µA
T1 = +1µA,
T2 = +2µA