1. BIOACCUMULATION
Chapter 2.3

2. Chemical Pollutants
Humans have been introducing synthetic (man-made) chemicals into the environment.
Some examples are:
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) widely used in paints, plastics, lubricants up to 1977
DDT (an insecticide for mosquitos) now banned in many countries
Dichloro-diphenyl trichloroethane

3. DDT DDT was first used in WWII to protect against diseases
such as typhus and malaria.
It is cheap and effective as
an insecticide – so it began to
be manufactured for home
use.
Before it was banned in 1972
by the EPA for use in
agriculture, 1,350,000,000
pounds of DDT had been
made in North America.

8. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DDT
DDT is found to have estrogenic effects:
Causes reproductive disorders
Weakens egg shells (eggs break or do not hatch)
Can also cause nervous system/ immune system disorders in animals

9. DDT – Used as an Insecticide
DDT is used today in such African nations as Zimbabwe and Ethiopia to control mosquitoes and the tsetse fly.
These two insects cause serious diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness.

10. PCBs
Used widely in products like paints, plastics, etc as softening agents from the 1930’s – 1970’s
Banned in North America in 1977
There are 209 different congeners (different chemical structures)
PCBs interfere with immune function making an organism more susceptible to disease
(ex: cancer)

11. Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are metallic elements that are toxic to organisms.
Levels of lead in the soil have increased due to human activities.
Lead is not considered safe at any level.
Many electronics contain lead and must be recycled carefully.
Lead can cause anemia and nervous and reproductive system damage.

12. Heavy Metals (con’t) Cadmium is also found in low levels naturally.
Cadmium is used in the manufacture of plastics and nickel-cadmium batteries.
It is toxic to earthworms and causes many health problems in fish.
In humans, the main source of cadmium is exposure to cigarette smoke.
Cadmium causes lung diseases, cancer, and nervous and immune system damage.

13. Heavy Metals (con’t) Mercury also is found naturally.
Mercury has entered ecosystems through the burning of fossil fuels, waste incineration, mining, and the manufacture of items like batteries.
Coal burning accounts for 40 percent of the mercury released into the atmosphere.
Mercury bioaccumulates in the brain, heart and kidneys of many animals.
Mercury compounds
bioaccumulate in fish, adding
risk for any organisms eating
fish.

14. Persistent Pollutants!
POPs = “persistent organic pollutants”
DDT & PCBs
They take a LONG time to break down
HALF-LIFE = the time it takes for ½ the substance to break down
Half-life (PCBs) = years
Half-life (DDT) = 15 years

15. Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation is the “build-up of chemicals in living organisms”.
The chemical accumulates because it does not break down easily (decomposers can’t break them down)
The chemicals get stored in fat-cells of organisms and can cause serious problems...
NOTE: Accumulation is measured in parts per million (ppm)

17. Bioaccumulation - EFFECTS
How it affects organisms:
Birth defects
Failure to reproduce
Amphibians live on both land and in the water.
Amphibians are sensitive to chemical changes in the environment and are valuable indicators of environmental health.
Since the 1980s, many of the world’s amphibian species have suffered declines in population.
There also have been alarming increases in amphibian birth deformities.

18. Amphibians, like this frog, have exhibited drastic changes since the 1980s.
Many theories attempt to explain these changes, including drought, increased UV rays, pollution, habitat loss, parasites, and diseases.

20. How BIOACCUMULATION affects ecosystems:
If an important part of the food chain cannot reproduce, the whole food chain is affected.
Keystone species = species that can greatly affect population numbers & health of ecosystem.

23. Instructions for Outdoor Activity: Deadly Links
RULES:
Food (corn) will be distributed across the field.
2. This is a limited ecosystem  this mean you need to stay within the confines of our “play” area
3. If you are not Hunting for food at the moment, you must be sitting on the benches watching your prey!
4. If a predator catches (tags) you, you must surrender all of your food energy

24. Instructions for Outdoor Activity: Deadly Links
1. 20 seconds  GRASSHOPPERS only may hunt for food (corn)
- GRASSHOPPES must HOP!!!
- Get as much food as you need to fill your bellies!
- Stop when 20 seconds runs out!!!
- SHREWS & HAWKS must sit on the benches and watch their prey, without hunting
2. 15 seconds  SHREWS are now allowed to hunt for grasshoppers
- SHREWS must WALK!, but walk quickly – No Running!
- When a shrew catches (tags) a grasshopper, it gets all of the food & grasshopper must move to sit on the benches
3. 30 seconds  HAWKS may also now hunt for shrews
- HAWKS may RUN!
- When hawks catch (tag) a shrew, they get all of it’s food energy & the shrew must go sit on the benches

25. Instructions for Outdoor Activity: Deadly Links
4. When the time runs out, keep what food you have collected and sit down and count:
- How many white pieces?
- How many colored pieces?

26. Instructions for Outdoor Activity: Deadly Links
4. When the time runs out, keep what food you have collected and sit down and count:
- How many white pieces?
- How many colored pieces?
5. Grasshoppers with at least 1 colored piece of food has now died from pesticide poisoning
6. Shrews who have eaten more colored food than white food will slowly die
7. Of the hawks, the one with the most colored pieces will produce weak egg shells

27. Biomagnification Biomagnification is
the increase in concentration of a toxin as it moves up each trophic level

31. ORCAS- Biomagnification
The PCB load of orcas (whales) is the highest of any animal in the world.
PCBs concentrate in the blubber of the whale
When the blubber is burned for energy, the PCBs are released into bloodstream (where they affect immune function).
Calves are born with the same PCB level as mother and then obtain more through milk.
PCB’s will affect the reproductive cycles of orcas until at least 2030.
Reproductive success of BC’s resident orcas may be affected until 2030

34. Undoing the Damage BIOREMEDIATION
Science has found ways of reducing the effects of chemical pollution on the environment...
BIOREMEDIATION
Using living organisms (plants, bacteria) to naturally cleanup chemical pollutants through biodegradation
Chemical-eating bacteria and micro-organisms can break down chemicals into non-toxic compounds!

35. Rhodococcus bacteria can biodegrade PCBs Bacteria can be used to clean
up oil spills and underground leaks

37. A Bright Idea!
Recently, scientists were able to change a gene in these chemical-eating bacteria allowing them to fluoresce (glow) when they are in contact with oil or other chemical pollutants!

38. Bioremediation With Plants
Plants can also be used to help trap hazardous wastes such as heavy metals
The plants uptake the metals and trap them in their tissues
Plants also help stabilize by reducing wind and water erosion (that would spread contaminants).