1. Developing ER-Diagram
Indra Budi

2. Data Modeling Process Specifying entities Specifying relationships
Determining identifiers (key attribute)
Specifying attributes, and
Specifying domains
Specifying cardinality & participation
Specifying specialization & generalization concepts is necessary 2

3. Specifying Entity
Entity – a class of persons, places, objects, events, or concepts about which we need to capture and store data.
Named by a singular noun
Persons: agency, contractor, customer, department, division, employee, instructor, student, supplier.
Places: sales region, building, room, branch office, campus.
Objects: book, machine, part, product, raw material, software license, software package, tool, vehicle model, vehicle.
Events: application, award, cancellation, class, flight, invoice, order, registration, renewal, requisition, reservation, sale, trip.
Concepts: account, block of time, bond, course, fund, qualification, stock.
Teaching Notes:
Prompt the students for additional examples. Have them classify their example(s).
Obtain a data model from a source other than the textbook. Ask the students to classify the entities. 3

4. Specifying Relationship
Examine every combination of two entities and see whether there is a possible relationship between them
This is often documented using a matrix that lists the entity names on both axes.
A symbol is entered at the intersection of each row and column to indicate the existence of a possible relationship.
This technique becomes unusable if the model is large.
Look at the requirements documents to find relationships indicated by the documents.
The two techniques can be used together 4

5. Identifiers
One or more attributes can serve as the entity identifier, uniquely identifying each entity instance
Concatenated identifier consists of several attributes 5

6. Specifying Attributes
Attribute – a descriptive property or characteristic of an entity. Synonyms include element, property, and field.
Just as a physical student can have attributes, such as hair color, height, etc., a data entity has data attributes
Compound attribute – an attribute that consists of other attributes. Synonyms in different data modeling languages are numerous: concatenated attribute, composite attribute, and data structure. 6

7. Specifying Domain
A domain is the set of valid data properties and values for an attribute.
It can be imagined as the source of the possible values of that attribute, including type definition, initial value and value constraints.
The use of domains allows attributes to inherit the properties of their assigned domains, and also allows the database administrator to change attribute properties by changing the domain properties.
Domains can thus be used to enforce data standards throughout the model.
Some organizations use data dictionaries to document and standardize domains and their properties. 7

8. Cardinality
refers to the number of times instances in one entity can be related to instances in another entity
One instance in an entity refers to one and only one instance in the related entity (1:1)
One instance in an entity refers to one or more instances in the related entity (1:N)
One or more instances in an entity refer to one or more instances in the related entity (M:N) 8

9. Participation Sometimes called modality
Refers to whether or not an instance of a child entity can exist without a related instance in the parent entity
Not Null means that an instance in the related entity must exist for an instance in another entity to be valid
Null means that no instance in the related entity is necessary for an instance in another entity to be valid
(min,max) participation 9

10. ERD - Design Guidelines
Best practices rather than rules
Entities should have many occurrences
Avoid unnecessary attributes
Clearly label all components
Apply correct cardinality and modality
Break attributes into lowest level needed
Labels should reflect common business terms
Assumptions should be clearly stated 10

11. True/False
A conceptual schema is a complete logical view of the database.
An implementational schema shows physical storage using a particular product or technique
In E-R modeling, an attribute may be either composite or multi-value, but it cannot be both
The degree of a relationship is expressed as the relationship’s maximum cardinality
All weak entities must have a minimum cardinality of 1 on the entity on which it depends 11

12. Multiple Choice
The representation of a particular entity is called a(n) ______________.
entity class
entity relationship
entity instance
entity attribute
None of the above.
Supertype / subtype entities are said to have a(n) __________________ relationship.
HAS-A
IS-A
Recursive
redundant
multi-value 12

13. Multiple Choice (cont)
In terms of generalization hierarchies, the characteristic of “inheritance” means that:
the attributes of an instance of the supertype include the attributes of the subtype.
an instance of the supertype must belong to one of the subtypes.
the attributes of an instance of the subtype include the attributes of the supertype.
there is a redundant relationship among instances of the subtype.
the attributes of different subtypes must not overlap with each other. 13

14. Multiple Choice (cont)
Minimum cardinality refers to …….
the most instances of one entity class that can be involved in a relationship with one instance of another entity class
the minimum number of entity classes involved in a relationship
whether or not an instance of one entity class is required to be related to an instance of another entity class
whether or not an entity is a weak entity
None of the above. 14

15. Fill in blank
In a generalization hierarchy, the ……..entity contains the attributes that are common to all subtypes.
Generalization hierarchies have a characteristic called …….which means that entities in the subtypes have all the attributes of the supertype.
Relationships among entities of a single entity are sometimes called ….. Relationships
When designing a data model the users’ views must be translated into the developers’ …….schema. 15

16. Exercise
A company database needs to store information about employees (identifed by ssn, with salary and phone as attributes), departments (identifed by dno, with dname and budget as attributes), and children of employees (with name and age as attributes). Employees work in departments; each department is managed by an employee; a child must be identi.ed uniquely by name when the parent (who is an employee; assume that only one parent works for the company) is known. We are not interested in information about a child once the parent leaves the company.
Draw an ER diagram that captures that information. 16

17. Addition to Group Presentation on Monday
Each of the clinics in the hospital is identified by a unique name. There are two types of clinics: Local and distant. Clinics located at the main campus of the hospital are local and the remaining ones are distant. Some distant clinics are jointly operated by another health institution XYZ Healthcare. A director is responsible for each clinic. The director is also a doctor. Each doctor may serve as the director of one and only one clinic but may serve as the assistant director of another (one) clinic. There are a large number of laboratories at the hospital; some labs are managed by one clinic, whereas others are managed jointly by two or more clinics. Doctors are assigned to one clinic; each clinic has many doctors. Each patient is assigned to one primary doctor. A doctor takes care of many patients. Each patient has a number of tests done at a number of labs; each lab can carry out a number of tests.
Draw an EER Diagram 17