1. Introduction to Biology

2. What is biology? Biology - the science of life
Bio- = life -logy = the study of
There is a lot of living stuff…
Too many for one person to be an expert in everything
Biology is broken down into many branches so scientists can specialize

3. Branches of Biology Botany – the study of plants
Zoology – the study of animals
Anatomy – the study of structures of living things
Physiology – the study of the functions of living things
Taxonomy – the study of classification of living things
Cytology – the study of cells

4. Characteristics of Living Things
How do you determine if something is living?
Is a crystal garden alive?
Is a wooden table living?
Characteristics of Life Video
There are seven (7) criteria that must be met for something to be classified as ‘living’

5. Properties of Life Cellular Organization
All living things must have at least one cell
Cell – a highly organized, tiny structure that can perform all life processes
We will study cells more in depth later…

6. Properties of Life Homeostasis
Homeostasis – maintaining a constant internal state in a changing environment
What happens when you go for a run?
What do cold-blooded animals do to keep their body temperature stable?
A stable internal environment is important in order to function properly

7. Properties of Life Metabolism
Metabolism – the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
Chemical processes are used in order to obtain energy
Almost all energy used by living things comes from sunlight
What do I mean by this?? Obviously humans don’t use photosynthesis…

8. Properties of Life Responsiveness
Responding to the outside environment
Examples:
1. Plants bending toward light
2. Turning towards a loud, sudden noise
3. Putting on a hat in winter

9. Properties of Life Reproduction Reproduction – producing offspring
Essential…because nothing lives forever (except vampires)

10. Properties of Life Heredity
Heredity – the passing of genetic information from parent to offspring
Why children tend to look like their parents
Inherited traits change over generations (evolution)
More on this later

11. Properties of Life Growth
Everything grows, even single-celled organisms
Galapagos tortoise: one of the longest lived species in the animal kingdom
Harriet – about 170 years old

12. Solving Real-World Problems
Biologists are working to solve today’s problems, such as:
Preserving our environment
Improving the food supply
Understanding the human genome
Fighting disease

13. Solving Real-World Problems
Preserving our environment
Expert: conservation biologists
Exploring ways to achieve a balance between people’s growing need for land and the need to preserve the environment

14. Solving Real-World Problems
Improving the food supply
Expert: genetic engineer
Genetic engineering of crop plants has made some plants resistant to herbicides
Or poisonous to insect pests
Or even more nutritious!

15. Solving Real-World Problems
Understanding the human genome
Expert: geneticist
Genome: the complete genetic material contained in an individual
Only government program to be finished before the deadline and under budget!!!

16. Solving Real-World Problems
Fighting disease
Expert: virologist, doctors, lots of people
AIDS – fatal disease caused by HIV
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus
A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system
New vaccines are being tested
Attack 2 or more parts of the HIV virus at the same time
One part may mutate
Unlikely that both parts will mutate in the same virus particle
There is finally hope of a successful vaccine to control the outbreak of AIDS
2yo 'cured' of HIV
Another one

17. Scientific Method Collecting Observations Asking Questions
Hypothesizing and Making Predictions
Confirming Predictions
Drawing conclusions

18. Scientific Method
Observation – the act of noting or perceiving objects or events using the senses
All scientists have a certain way of investigating the world
Scientific investigations begin with observations
Observations cause scientists to ask questions about their observations

19. Scientific Method Scientific investigations tend to have common stages
These stages are called the Scientific Method
There is more than one way to conduct an investigation

20. Scientific Investigations
Hypothesis
An explanation that might be true
A statement that can be tested by additional observations or experimentation
Prediction
The expected outcome of a test
This assumes that the hypothesis is correct

21. Scientific Investigations
Experiment
A planned procedure to test a hypothesis
Control group
A group in an experiment that receives no experimental treatment
Necessary for comparing the results of the experiment

22. Scientific Investigations
Independent Variable
The factor that is changed in an experiment
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured in an experiment
The outcome of the dependent variable depends on what is done to the independent variable

23. Scientific Investigations
Drawing Conclusions
Once data are collected and analyzed a conclusion is made
Either the data supports the hypothesis or it does not
There is often more than one possible reason for a result
All of the factors that may affect an outcome must be considered

24. Constructing a Theory Theory
A set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists
A theory unites and explains a broad range of observations
Theory is used by the general public to mean a guess or lack of certainty

25. Constructing a Theory
In Science, a theory is a well-supported scientific explanation that makes useful predictions

26. Matter and Substances
Section 3.1

27. The Nature of Matter
Atom – smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means
Consists of:
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons

28. Nature of Matter Elements
Element – pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Elements differ in the number of protons their atoms contain

29. Nature of Matter Chemical Bonding Compound
Atoms can join with other atoms to form stable substances
The force that joins atoms is called a chemical bond
Compound
substance made of the joined atoms of two or more different elements

30. Nature of Matter Covalent Bonds
Form when two or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
Molecule – groups of atoms held together by covalent bonds
Ex) water

31. Nature of Matter Covalent bonds (cont)
The arrangement of their electrons determines how atoms bond together
An atom becomes stable when its outer electron level is full
Not full: an atom will react with other atoms that can provide electrons to fill its outer shell

32. Nature of Matter Hydrogen bonds
In a water molecule, the shared electrons are attracted more strongly by the oxygen nucleus than by the hydrogen nuclei
Molecules with unequal distribution of electrical charge are called polar molecules
Ex) two water molecules

33. Nature of Matter Ionic Bonds
Ion - when an atom or molecule has gained or lost one or more electrons
Ions have an electrical charge because they contain an unequal number of electrons and protons
Ions of opposite charge may interact to form an ionic bond

35. Water and Solutions
Section 3.2

36. Water in Living Things
Many organisms release excess heat through water evaporation
This ability to control temperature enables cells to maintain a constant internal temperature when the external temperature changes
HOMEOSTASIS!!

37. Water in Living Things Cohesion
An attraction between substances of the same kind
Because of this, water and other liquids form thin films and drops
Because water has hydrogen bonds, the attraction between water molecules causes a condition known as surface tension

38. Water in Living Things Adhesion
Attraction between different substances
Adhesion powers a process called capillary action
Water molecules move upward through a narrow tube
Ex) stem of a plant

39. Water in Living Things Solution
Mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance

40. Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water well
Polarity
The polarity of water enable many substances to dissolve in water
When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, the ions become surrounded by polar water molecules
Result: a mixture of water molecules and ions
Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water well

41. Water and Solutions Acids and Bases
Compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are called acids
When an acid is added to water, the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution is increased above that of pure water

42. Water and Solutions
Compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution are called bases
Many bases form hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

43. Water and Solutions
The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

44. Carbon Compounds
Section 3.3

45. Building Blocks of Cells
Biomolecules – parts of a cell that are made up of large, complex molecules
Basic unit: carbon
Can form bonds with as many as four other atoms
Four types:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

46. Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Molecules made of sugars
made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
In the proportion of 1:2:1
Carbohydrates are a key source of energy
Found in most foods (especially fruits, vegetables, and grains)

47. Carbohydrates Common sugar: glucose A monosaccharide = single sugar
Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide
= simple carbohydrate
Many sugars can be linked to make a polysaccharide
= complex carbohydrate

48. Carbohydrates Chitin – found in shells of insects
Cellulose – found in the cell walls of plants
Carbs are also used as an ‘identifier’ on the surface of cells

49. Lipids Fats, steroids, waxes Long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Main function: storing energy

50. Proteins Building blocks are amino acids
Chains of amino acids folded into different shapes
Different shapes = different function
Structure
Support
Movement
Transportation

51. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides
Nucleotide – molecule made of three parts
Sugar
Base
Phosphate group
Examples: DNA and RNA

52. Nucleic Acids
DNA
Act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life
Has two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other
RNA
Interacts with DNA to help decode information