1. The Solution Process
Chemistry
Mrs. Coyle

2. Solution A homogeneous mixture. One phase.
Stainless Steel (Fe, Cr, Ni)

3. Solute, Solvent Solute—the substance being dissolved.
Example: When you dissolve CuCl2 in water, CuCl2 is the solute.
Solvent- the substance that dissolves the solute.
Example: water

4. Aqueous Solution A solution that has water as the solvent.
Possible substances that can dissolve in water:
Ionic compounds
Polar covalent compounds

5. Solvation
The surrounding of solute particles by solvent particles.

6. Dissociation of Ionic Compounds
the process by which an ionic compound separates into its ions as it dissolves.

7. Dissociation of NaCl in Water

8. Dissociation of NaCl

9. Movie Clip- Dissociation of Salt in Water

10. “Like dissolves like” Solvent Solute Is Solution Likely? Polar Yes
Nonpolar No

11. Polar ethanol molecule is dissolved by the polar water molecule
Polar ethanol molecule is dissolved by the polar water molecule. Ethanol remains intact.

12. Will sugar dissolve in water?

13. Will petroleum dissolve in water?

14. Oil on water- 2 phases

15. Will ionic compounds conduct electric current when dissolved in water?
Yes
Why?

16. Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes
Electrolytes: conduct an electric current when in the molten state or in aqueous solution. Ionic compounds
Non-electrolytes do not conduct a current. Usually molecular compounds

17. Is sugar C6H12O6 electrolyte?

18. Do all electrolytes conduct electricity to the same degree?
Weak electrolytes: partially ionize in water and conduct electricity in solution poorly (ex. Ammonia)
Strong electrolytes: fully ionize in water and conduct electricity in solution strongly(ex. NaCl).

19. Hydrate:
A crystalline compound in which the ions are attached to one or more water molecules.

20. Example:
CuSO4•5H2O
copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate

21. Prefixes for naming Hydrates
mono- 1
di- 2
tri- 3
tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6
hepta- 7
octa- 8
nona- 9
deca- 10

22. Analyzing Hydrates Simulation click on the link below:

23. Problem
Calculate the percent by mass of water in washing soda (Na2CO H2O)
% mass of H2O = MM water x100 %
MM Hydrate
Answer: 62.9%

24. Efflorescent Hydrates
Hydrates that have high vapor pressures compared to water.
When the vapor pressure of the surrounding is lower than the vapor pressure of the hydrate, the hydrate will lose its water; it effloresces.

25. Hygroscopic Hydrates and Dessicants
Hydrates that have a low vapor pressure compared to water.
These hydrates can absorb water from the air.
These can be used as dessicants (ex. CaSO4).

26. Deliquescent
Materials that absorb so much water that they will become wet (form solutions). Ex. NaOH.

27. Part II Heterogeneous Aqueous Systems

28. Colloids and Suspensions
Heterogeneous Mixtures

29. Suspension
A mixture whose particles are temporarily suspended in a medium, but eventually settle down.
Particle size>100nm
Ex: dust in air.

30. Colloid
A mixture whose particles (of size ~1 to ~100nm) are dispersed through a continuous medium. (The word colloid means “glue-like”)
Heterogeneous because there are distinct phases.
Tyndall Effect: Scattering of light.

31. Tyndall Effect

32. Types of Colloids
Aerosol: liquid or solid in dispersed in gases (fog, smoke).
Foam: gas in liquid (whipped cream).
Emulsion: both substances are liquids (mayonnaise).
Sol: solid in liquid (jelly)