1. CONCURRENT ENROLLMENT
CHAPTER 11
CONCURRENT ENROLLMENT

2. CARBON Organic compound A compound that contains the element carbon
The first organic compound formed was urea from ammonium cyanate
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon- containing compounds
Inorganic chemistry is the study of the elements and all noncarbon compounds

3. PROPERITIES Property Organic Inorganic Compounds Compounds
Bonding Usually covalent Often ionic
Intermolecular Weak Strong
Forces
Physical state gases, liquids or low High melting
melting pt. soilds point solids
Flammability Often flammable nonflammable
Solubility Often low Often high
Conductivity Nonconductor Conductor
Rate of chemical Usually low Usually high
Reactions

4. BONDING Learning checks 11.1 and 11.2 page 344
Linus Pauling showed that valence electrons form a hybrid orbital that has the same energy as 1s and 3p orbitals and is designated as sp3
Each contain a single electron in carbon that allows for four covalent bonds to form
Overhead
Carbon atoms also can bond with other carbons to form chains or networks

5. CONTINUE
The electrons not involved in forming the chain can form bonds with other carbons or with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen
Overhead fig
Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds double or triple
Isomerism
A property in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

6. EXAMPLE
C2H6O

7. EXAMPLE

8. HYDROCARBONS
An organic compound that contains ONLY carbon and hydrogen
These are classified as alkanes (called the saturated hydrocarbon contains only single bonded carbons), alkenes (containing double bonded carbons), alkynes (containing triple bonded carbons), and aromatics (forming a circle of carbons)
General formula CnH2n +2
You can have continuous chains or branched alkane chains
Molecules are always moving this means the rotate and can have many orientations called conformations

9. ALKANE NOMENCLATURE Example 11.3 page 354
The chains are named according to the number of carbons using a latin prefix
Overhead table 11.4
In branching alkanes you need to add a alkyl group before the name of the chain
Table 11.5 page 357
Do examples on the board
You can also exchange a hydrogen with nonalkyl groups table 11.6 page 358
Learning check page 360

10. CYCLOALKANES An alkane in which carbon atoms form a ring Overhead
Numbering occurs with the first R group

11. CONTINUE Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms
Alkanes have free rotation around carbons, but in cycloalkanes there is no free rotation. Naming has to show this
Geometric isomers
Molecules with restricted rotation around C-C bonds that differ in the three-dimensional arrangements of the atoms in space and not in the order of linkage of atoms
Figure page 364
Cis-
On the same side
Tran-
On opposite side
Learning check page 363

12. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Table 11.8 page 366 Homologous series
Straight-chain alkanes, only differ by a -CH2-group
Figure page 366
Hydrophobic
Water fearing. Part of the molecule that is insoluble in water
Hydrophilic
Water loving. Part of the molecule that is soluble in water

13. ALKANE REACTIONS Least reactive of all organic compounds
They do not react with strong acids or bases, most oxidizing and reducing agent will not react with alkanes
These are often called paraffins- little affinity
Will go through combustion reactions
Most fuels are hydrocarbons