1. Ch 2 Early China, Nubia, Meroe, and The First Civilizations in the Americas
B.C.E

2. Geography
Two major regions- steppe, desert, high plateau west, and northwest, and the eastern zone, which is suitable for agriculture.
Natural Resources- Timber, stone, metals
Loess soil- North
South- Rice

3. The Geography of China

4. Satellite View of China

5. China vs. the U. S. in Size
China
United States

6. Pacific “Rim of Fire”

7. Bodies of Water Amur River Sea of Japan Yellow Sea Huang-He River
Yangtze River
Xi River
Pacific Ocean
South China Sea

8. The Polluted Yellow River!

9. The Great Wall of China

10. Deserts & Plateaus
Gobi Desert
Taklamakan Desert
Tibetan Plateau

11. Completed Topographic Map
Amur River
Altai Mts.
Greater Khingan
Manchurian Plain
North China Plain
Tian Shan
Sea of Japan
Gobi Desert
Tarim Basin
Great Wall
Taklamakan Desert
Kunlun Shan
Shabdong Peninsula
Huang-He River
Yellow Sea
Tibetan Plateau
CHUNG KUO
Grand Canal
Himalayan Mts.
Sichuan Basin
Yangtze River
Xi River
Pacific Ocean
South China Sea

12. China’s Climate Zones

13. Precipitation in China

14. Summer Rainfall

15. Agricultural Regions in China

16. Arable Land

17. “Brown” China vs. “Green” China
Wheat Dominant
Pasture and Oasis
Rice Dominant
Double-crop rice

18. South China

19. China as % of World Population

20. Population Density

21. Shang Period 1750-1027 B.C.E Land of Neolithic communities
Pigs, Chicken, Millet domesticated
Silk textiles
Bronze Metallurgy
Shang dynasty- Origins in yellow river valley
Kings- direct rule over core and indirect rule over peripheral areas

22. Shang kings- Military campaigns- Nomads
Possible trade with Mesopatamia
Kings Religion- Worship of male ancestors, practiced sacrifice. Kings were intermediaries between the gods and human world

23. Shang Technology Bronze weapons, ceremonial vessels
Horse drawn chariot

24. Chinese Writing Developed during Shang Period
Today’s Writing Directly related

25. Shang Dynasty

26. Zhou Period 1027-221 B.C.E. Dependent state of the Shang
Defeated Shang in the 11th century B.C.E
“Mandate of Heaven” Used by the zhou to justify their actions in overthrowing the Shang

27. Zhou Period Priestly Power of elite faded
Result in separation of religion and govt.
Zhou divided into two periods Western Zhou, and Eastern Zhou

28. Western Zhou 11th -9th & Eastern Zhou 771- 221 B.C.E centuries B.C.E.
Like the Shang the Western Zhou had direct control over core territory and administered the peripheral areas indirectly
Eastern Zhou declined in central government as regional elites began to rule territories
Eastern Zhou subdivided into two periods
Spring and Autumn period B.C.E
Warring states Period B.C.E

29. Zhou Technology Construction of long walls for defense
Iron and steel metallurgy
Horse riding

30. Eastern Zhou Political Philosophies
Legalism- Human nature is wicked and selfish. People must have strict laws and harsh punishments

31. Confucianism Founded by Confucius
Assumes that human nature is essentially good.
Hierarchical view of universe, society, and family
Not influential with it’s founding, but became the dominant political philosophy in the future.

32. Daoism Founded by Laozi Universe is constantly changing
No real moral standards
People should take life as it comes to them.
“Whatever attitude”

33. Eastern Zhou Society Development of the three generation family
Concept of Private Property
Privately owned land
Women were subordinate to hierarchy
Yin and Yang
Yin-male- Bright, Shining, Active
Yang-Female- moon, passive, shaded

34. Nubia
3100 B.C.E-350 C.E.

35. Early Cultures of Egyptian Domination
Natural Resources in Nubia- Gold, Precious Stones, Copper
Nubia was developed as a result of the need for irrigated agriculture, and by its early trading relationship with Egypt
Nubian culture and Egyptian culture developed through a process of mutual influence and borrowing.

36. Early Nubia Carried out trade with Old Kingdom Egypt
The northern part of Nubia was occupied by Egypt during the Middle Kingdom period.
Southern Part of Nubia kingdom of Kush develops by 1750 B.C.E. they were noted for metalwork and construction

37. Kush developed by 1750 b.c.e
Kush was noted for its metalworking and construction.
Egypt invaded Kush during the New Kingdom period.
The results of Egyptian occupation included the brutal exploitation of Nubian laborers
the imposition of Egyptian culture on the Nubian people.

38. Egypt invades Kush During New Kingdom Period
The results of Egyptian occupation include brutal exploitation of Nubian Laborers, and imposition of Egyptian culture on the Nubian people.

39. Meroe 800 B.C.E- 350 C.E A Nubian Kingdom Arose in 8th century B.C.E
Capital of Napata from 660 B.C.E to the 4th century
During the period with Napata as capital there was continued Egyptian cultural influence. Examples include use of Hieroglyphics and building of pyramids.

40. In the 4th century the kingdom moves it’s capital to Meroe, due to better agriculture and trade.
During this period Egyptian cultural influence would diminish
Meroe practiced a Matrilineal family system, Queens were influential in the society

41. Meroe would dominate trade routes
Use Reservoirs to catch rainfall
Important center of iron smelting

42. Decline of Meroe Shift in trade routes Rise of the kingdom of Aksum
Depredation of camel riding Nomads

43. First Civilizations in the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin
B.C.E

44. Mesoamerican Olmecs Strongest between 1200 and 400 B.C.E
Major centers of Olmec civilization were located along the coast of Mexico.
The use of raised fields provided the agricultural surpluses the Olmec needed to sustain urban centers.

45. The center of early Olmec civilization was located at San Lorenzo.
San Lorenzo was surpassed by La Venta around 900 b.c.e., which, in turn, gave way to Tres Zapotes around 600 b.c.e.
Large earthen mounds dominated Olmec urban centers.

46. Olmec head
Olmec head
The word Olmec comes from an Aztec term for the peoples living in southern Veracruz and western Tabasco, Mexico, between about 1500 and 300 B.C.E. All later Mesoamerican cultures derived from the Olmecs. Measuring 9 feet, 4 inches in height, and over 10 tons in weight, this colossal basalt head monument from San Lorenzo is a superb example of Olmec sculpture intended as architecture. The facial features have led some scholars to suggest African influences, but that hypothesis has not been proven. (Nathaniel Tarn/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

47. The Wrestler, sculpture of the Olmec civilization, ca. 150 B. C
The Wrestler, sculpture of the Olmec civilization, ca. 150 B.C. This 26-inch masterpiece of Olmec sculpture comes from the present-day Mexican state of Veracruz. The history of Mesoamerica is divided into three periods: Pre-Classic (1, B.C.), Classic ( A.D), and Post-Classic ( ). By 1200 B.C., the Olmecs dominated the lowlands near modern Tabasco and Veracruz, but by 150 B.C., the approximate date of The Wrestler, their civilization had given way to that of the Maya.

48. It is likely that Olmec political structures were built around some form of kingship.
Olmec power rested on the control of certain commodities and the popularity of their religious practices.
Given their limited technology, Olmec architecture was very impressive.
The Olmec played a role in the early development of writing and astronomy.

49. Early South American Civilization: Chavín, 900—250 b.c.e.
1. Chavín was the first major urban civilization in South America.
2. Chavín was politically and economically dominant between 900 and 250 b.c.e.
3. A combination of military strength and the appeal of its religious system explains Chavín's influence and control over its territory.

50. The area of the Chavín, as well as areas the Chavín influenced

51. Chavín artists frequently made use of the technique of contour rivalry in their art forms, and the Raimondi Stela is frequently considered to be one of the finest known examples of this technique. Contour rivalry means that the lines in an image can be read in multiple ways, depending on which way the object is being viewed. In the case of the Raimondi Stela, when viewed one way, the image depicts a fearsome deity holding two staffs. His eyes look upward toward his large, elaborate headdress of snakes and volutes. This same image, when flipped upside-down, takes on a completely new life. The headdress now turns into a stacked row of smiling, fanged faces, while the deity's face has turned into the face of a smiling reptile as well. Even the deity's staffs now appear to be rows of stacked faces.

52. 4. Chavín possessed all the essential characteristics of later Andean civilizations, including a clan-based system of labor.
5. The evidence suggests that increased warfare led to the fall of Chavín around 200 b.c.e.